Biology Lab - The Cell Complete Test 1 Study Guide

Vocabulary flashcards covering the Exercise 4 objectives and Test 1 Cell Study Guide topics, including cell structures, organelles, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic features, and specific specimen examples.

Plasma membrane

Selectively permeable boundary surrounding the cell that regulates what enters and leaves.

Cytoplasm

Material inside the plasma membrane where cell structures and many reactions are located; excludes the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.

DNA

The cell's hereditary or genetic material.

Ribosomes

Structures that carry out protein synthesis.

Prokaryotic cell

Cell lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as Bacteria and Archaea.

Eukaryotic cell

Cell containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Coccus

Round or spherical shape of prokaryotic organisms.

Bacillus

Rod-shaped prokaryotic organism.

Spirillum

Spiral-shaped prokaryotic organism.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria that are prokaryotic and do not have chloroplasts.

Cell wall

Rigid layer outside the plasma membrane that provides support, protection, and shape, mainly composed of cellulose in plants.

Nucleoid region

Region containing the bacterial DNA; it is not a nucleus.

Flagellum

Long whip-like structure used for movement in cells that have one.

Nucleus

Membrane-bound structure containing most DNA that helps control cell activities.

Nucleolus

Region inside the nucleus containing rRNA and involved in producing components of ribosomes.

Chromatin

DNA associated with proteins inside the nucleus in a less-condensed form.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce most ATP through cellular respiration.

Cristae

Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for cellular respiration and ATP production.

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, packages, and distributes cell materials.

Rough ER

Membrane network with ribosomes attached; involved with processing and transporting proteins.

Smooth ER

Membrane network without attached ribosomes.

Lysosome

Membrane-bound compartment involved in the breakdown and digestion of materials.

Cellulose

Structural carbohydrate that is a major component of plant cell walls.

Chloroplast

Plant or algal organelle containing chlorophyll where photosynthesis occurs.

Central vacuole

Large compartment in many plant cells that stores water and dissolved substances and helps support the cell.

Amyloplast

Colorless plant plastid that stores starch.

Plastid

Family of plant/algal organelles; chloroplasts and amyloplasts are examples.

Capsule

Protective outer layer outside the cell wall of some bacteria that can protect the cell and help it adhere to surfaces.

Contractile vacuole

Organelle in certain protists that collects and expels excess water.

Cytoplasmic streaming

Directed movement of cytoplasm that helps move materials and organelles around the cell.

Thylakoids

Flattened membrane sacs inside chloroplasts containing chlorophyll and components used in photosynthesis.

Organelle

Specialized structure within a cell that performs a particular function.

Vacuole

Membrane-bound compartment used for storage and other functions.

Unicellular

Made of a single cell.

Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotic organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Protists

Diverse group of eukaryotic organisms; many are unicellular and may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Amoeboid movement

Movement in which a cell extends pseudopodia and flows into them; characteristic of amoebas.

Pseudopodia

Temporary cell extensions ('false feet') used for movement and sometimes engulfing food.

Cilia

Numerous short projections used for movement.

Gloeocapsa

A cyanobacterium to visually recognize in cell picture/activity materials.

Oscillatoria

A cyanobacterium to visually recognize in cell picture/activity materials.

Elodea

Live plant specimen used to identify cell wall and chloroplasts.