chapter 41

When dehydrated human patients need to be given fluids intravenously, they are given:

Saline at a concentration that is isotonic with respect to body fluids.

The sodium ion is at the highest concentration in:

Extracellular fluid.

Cells in a hypertonic solution tend to:

Shrink due to water loss.

The macula densa is/are:

Cells present in the DCT and collecting tubules.

The osmolarity of body fluids is maintained at:

300 mOsm.

The gland located at the top of the kidney is the gland:

Adrenal.

Active transport of K+ in Malpighian tubules ensures that:

Both a and b (water follows K+ to make urine, osmotic balance is maintained between waste matter and bodily fluids).

Contractile vacuoles in microorganisms:

Can perform many functions, one of which is excretion of metabolic wastes.

Flame cells are primitive excretory organs found in :

Flatworms.

BUN is :

Blood urea nitrogen.

Human beings accumulate before excreting nitrogenous waste:

Urea.

Renin is made by :

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Patients with Addison's disease :

Lose salts and water.

Which hormone elicits the “fight or flight” response?

Epinephrine.