Vitamin & Minerals Exit Exam TTU

Vitamin A

Important for vision, immune function, and skin health; deficiency can lead to night blindness and dry eyes.

Vitamin C

Involved in collagen synthesis, antioxidant protection, and iron absorption; deficiency causes scurvy.

Vitamin D

Essential for calcium absorption and bone health; deficiency can lead to rickets and osteomalacia.

Iron

Essential for oxygen transport in the blood; deficiency causes anemia and fatigue.

Calcium

Vital for bone health and muscle function; deficiency can lead to osteoporosis.

Magnesium

Important for muscle and nerve function; deficiency can cause cramps and fatigue.

B1 (Thiamine)

Important for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function; deficiency can lead to beriberi.

B2 (Riboflavin)

Involved in energy production and cellular function; deficiency can cause ariboflavinosis.

B3 (Niacin)

Involved in energy metabolism; deficiency can lead to pellagra.

B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Important for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; deficiency is rare.

B6 (Pyridoxine)

Involved in amino acid metabolism; deficiency can cause anemia and depression.

B9 (Folate)

Essential for DNA synthesis; deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia.

B12 (Cobalamin)

Important for red blood cell production and nerve function; deficiency can cause pernicious anemia.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K which are stored in body fat.

Water-soluble vitamins

B vitamins and vitamin C that are not stored in the body and need to be consumed regularly.

Macrominerals

Minerals needed in larger amounts, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium.

Microminerals

Minerals needed in smaller amounts, such as iron, zinc, and copper.

Oxidative stress

Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, leading to cell damage.

Antioxidants

Substances that help neutralize free radicals, such as vitamins C and E.

Carotenoids

Antioxidants that support vision and immune function; examples include beta-carotene.

Flavonoids

Plant compounds with antioxidant properties that may protect against chronic diseases.

Heme iron

Iron found in animal products, better absorbed by the body.

Non-heme iron

Iron found in plant sources, less efficiently absorbed, enhanced by vitamin C.