ESE - ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Religious Cosmology

History/origin of the universe based on the creation mythology of a specific tradition

Christian Cosmology, Mormon Cosmology, Buddhist Cosmology, Islamic Cosmology, Hindu Cosmology

What are the 5 types of religious cosmology?

Christian Cosmology

The opening of the bible begins with "In the beginning, God created the heavens and the Earth."

Christian Cosmology

Biblical creation story that tells that God is the author of creation

Mormon Cosmology

Human spirits are literal children of the heavenly parents

Mormon Cosmology

These spirits created an eternal & beginningless intelligence

Buddhist Cosmology

The universe exists because of the karma (bad and good) of its being. Without them, it ceases to exist

Buddhist Cosmology

The universe has no beginning, nor end

Islamic Cosmology

God created the universe, including physical environment and human beings

Islamic Cosmology

Teaches to visualize cosmos as a book of symbols for meditation and contemplation to be used for spiritual upliftment

Hindu Cosmology

Timeless and no beginning

Hindu Cosmology

The universe is created, destroyed, and reverted in an eternally repetitive series of cycles.

Big Bang Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, Multiverse Theory, Inflation Theory, String Theory, Steady State Theory

What are the 6 scientific theories?

Big Bang Theory

Most widely accepted scientific explanation for the universe's origin

Big Bang Theory

The universe rapidly expanded approximately 13.7 billion years ago

Singularity

A single compact, extremely hot, and dense point that rapidly expanded causing space itself to stretch and cool that hurls matter, energy, space, and time in all directions

Big Bang Theory

This theory states that the expansion of the singularity lead to the creation of galaxies, stars, and planets

Georges Lemaitre (1927)

The Big Bang Theory was proposed by -- in the year -- where he based it on Einstein's general relativity and assumption of homogeneity and isotropy

Primeval Atom or Cosmic Egg Hypothesis

Lemaitre originally called the Big Bang Theory as? (2)

Cosmic Microwave Background, Galaxies moving away, Abundance of light elements

What are the 3 pieces of evidence that were found from the Big Bang Theory?

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson (1964)

They provided the evidence for the cosmic microwave background radiation (+year)

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

A piece of evidence from the Big Bang Theory that provided a strong evidence of a hot, dense origin where radiation was speculated to be the leftover energy from the universe's formation

Edwin Hubble

He noticed that the galaxies were moving away (+year)

Helium, hydrogen, lithium, beryllium

These were the elements found in the observable universe which confirmed the abundance of light elements

Flatness, Monopole, Horizon

What are the 3 problems that the Big Bang Theory faced?

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)

This revealed that the geometry of the universe is almost flat

Big Bang Theory

No magnetic monopoles have been observed in this theory

Horizon

Formation of the black hole

Horizon

The uniformity of CMB temperature suggests that distant regions must have had contact in the past (a problem in the BBT)

Big Bang Era

The timeline of the Big Bang when certain types of forces were grouped

Superunified Force

This was the name of the grouped forces

Weak force, strong force, electromagnetic force, gravitational force

What are the 4 forces that were combined into a super unified force?

Big Bang Era/Grand Unified Theory

Timeline of the Big Bang where there was infinite temperature and density and an infinitely small, dense, and hot something

Big Bang Era/Grand Unified Theory

Timeline of the Big Bang that took 0 to 10⁻⁴³ s

Gravity/gravitational force

This is the force that separates first from the others

Planck Time

The timeline of the Big Bang when gravitational force separates from the other forces

Planck Time

This timeline took 10⁻⁴³ s

Planck Time

This was the earliest known time described by physics

Planck Time

A timeline of the Big Bang that had a temperature of 10²⁷ K

Strong force

This is the second force to separate from the super unified forces

End of the Grand Unified Theory

This is the timeline of the Big Bang where the strong force separates

End of the Grand Unified Theory

This timeline took 10²⁷ K

Quarks and leptons

These form in the end of the grand unified theory through their antiparticles

End of the Grand Unified Theory

The temperature of this timeline reached 10²⁷ K

Inflation

The timeline of the Big Bang where the size of the universe increases drastically by the factor of 10³⁰ to 10⁴⁰ with a temperature of 10⁻³⁵ to 10⁻³³ K

Weak and Electromagnetic Forces

These were the last forces to separate that took 10⁻¹² s and reached a temperature of 10¹⁵ K

Quarks

Protons and neutrons began forming from?

Nucleosynthesis

Formation of helium, deuterium, and few other light elements that are abundant in sun which took 100 s

Recombination

Matter and radiation split up where matter dominated the universe which took 380,000 years

8.5-9 billion years

How long did the solar system take to form?

Star debris, solar nebula

Sun forms from earlier -- while planets combine from the --

13.7 billion years

The present universe's age

True

True or false: Star formation and galactic evolution are still ongoing

Oscillating Universe Theory

Suggests that the singularity will expand again instead of imploding that will create a new universe

Richard Tolman

He proposed the oscillating theory during the late 60s to 70s

Oscillating Theory

It is a combination of the Big Bang Theory and Big Crunch Theory

Big Bang Theory

The universe starts with a singularity of infinitely high density

Big Crunch Theory

There will come a point where the universe will reach its maximum expansion, stop, and slowly accelerate back to singularity then it will all implode

Oscillating Theory

Suggests that the singularity will expand again instead of imploding that will create a new universe

Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok

They created the cyclic model

Cyclic Model

States that the universe undergoes an endless sequence of cosmic epochs each beginning with a bang and ending with a crunch

Oscillating Theory

Cosmological model that says the universe goes through a series of endless cycles of expansion and contraction

Oscillating Theory

After the universe expands and reaches a maximum size, gravity will eventually cause it to contract back into a single point, leading to a "Big Crunch" then a new expansion or a Big-Bang event

Oscillating Theory

The cycle of expansion and contraction would continue forever, suggesting that there is no definite beginning or end for the universe, rather an eternal state of rebirth

Oscillating Theory

Faced challenges in explaining how entropy behaves in each cycle and whether the universe contains enough matter for gravity to reverse expansion

Oscillating Theory

Was less favored because of modern observations that showed the acceleration of the universe's expansion due to dark energy

Andrei Linde, Hugh Everette, Bryce Dewitt

They proposed the multiverse theory

Multiverse Theory

Our universe may be just one of many universes that exist (there could be multiple/infinite universes beyond our own which may have different physical laws, constants, and versions of reality; many universes that are parallel to each other

Multiverse Theory

Largely speculative since it's difficult to test or observe other universes directly, but it did open up new perspectives in cosmology, physics, and philosophy which challenges our understanding of existence and reality

Quantum, Cosmic Inflation, String Theory

Three versions of the multiverse

Quantum Multiverse

Version of the multiverse that arises from the quantum mechanics where every possible outcome of a quantum event happens in a separate universe

Cosmic Inflation Multiverse

Version of the multiverse that is based on the idea that during the early expansion of space, separate bubbles of space-time formed, each becoming its own universe

String Theory Multiverse

A version of the multiverse that predicts the exixtenec of multiple universes in higher dimensions

Inflation Theory

An important extension of the Big Bang Theory that explains several key features of our universe and answers the problems in the said theory

Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhart, and Andy Albrecht (1980)

They proposed the inflation theory

Inflation Theory

A period of exponential expansion of the universe prior to the more gradual big bang expansion

Inflation Theory

The universe experienced an extremely rapid expansion within a fraction of a second after the Big Bang which was much faster than a speed of light

Inflation Theory

This theory solved problems for the horizon

Religious Cosmology

Beliefs and explanations from various religions regarding the origin, structure, and purpose of the universe, often rooted in sacred texts, traditions, and mythology

Christian Cosmology

The universe was intentionally created by God, the supreme author of all life and existence

Mormon Cosmology

It says that there was a pre-existing realm or spiritual world

Buddhist Cosmology

It views the universe as passing in and out of existence, stating that it is eternal

Islamic Cosmology

It teaches us to visualize the cosmocs as a book of symbols for meditation and contemplation to be used for spiritual upliftment

Hindu Cosmology

The universe is eternal and cyclic---goes through continuous cycles of creation, preservation, and dissolution

Hindu Cosmology

States that the universe has no absolute beginning, instead, time is infinite

Steady State Theory

It is also known as continuous creation theory and infinite universe theory

Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Hermann Bondi (1948)

They proposed the steady state theory (+year)

Steady State Theory

The universe is unchanging in time and uniform in space

Alexander Friedmann's equations (1922)

Expansion and dynamics of the universe were further described by? (+year)

Oscillating Theory

It proposes that the universe undergoes a cyclic process of expansion and contraction

Cyclic Universe Theory

The oscillating theory is also known as?

Oscillating Theory

It suggests that the Big Bang was not a unique event, but a part of an eternal cycle

Expansion, Maximum, Contraction, Rebirth

What are the 4 phases of the oscillating theory?

Expansion Phase

The first phase of the oscillating theory that states that the universe expands from a singularity

Maximum Expansion

The second phase of the oscillating theory where expansion slows due to gravitational pull

Contraction phase

The third phase of the oscillating theory where the universe collapses back (Big Crunch)

Rebirth

The last phase of the oscillating theory that follows the collapse which restarts the cycle

Inflation Theory

Explains a period of exponential expansion of the universe right after the Big bang

Inflation Theory

It is driven by the repulsive force of gravity, which is linked to Einstein's relativity

Inflation Theory

This states that the universe's energy was dominated by vacuum energy during rapid expansion, then would decay into matter and radiation later on