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Talmadge Amendment
Proposed in 1819 to restrict the spread of slavery into Missouri and mandate gradual emancipation.
Waltham-Lowell System
A labor and production model developed in New England textile mills.
Separate Spheres
A 19th-century concept that assigned men to the public sphere (work, politics) and women to the private sphere (home, family).
Petticoat Affair
A social scandal in President Andrew Jackson's administration involving the ostracization of Peggy Eaton, wife of Secretary of War John Eaton.
John Tyler
Vice President under Harrison; became president upon Harrison's death.
Second Great Awakening
A Protestant revival movement in the early 19th century that emphasized personal salvation and social reform.
Charles Finney
A prominent preacher during the Second Great Awakening known for his emotional sermons and advocacy for social reform.
Burned-Over District
A region in western New York where intense religious revivals and reform movements occurred during the Second Great Awakening.
Mormonism
A religious movement founded by Joseph Smith in the 1830s in the Burned-Over District.
Joseph Smith
Founder of the Mormon faith who claimed to have received revelations leading to the Book of Mormon.
Transcendentalism
A philosophical movement that emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and nature's spiritual value.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
A leading transcendentalist writer and thinker, known for his essays on individualism and spirituality.
Henry David Thoreau
Transcendentalist author known for Walden and Civil Disobedience, which argued for passive resistance to unjust government.
Benevolent Empire
A term for the religiously motivated social reform movement aimed at improving society.
Perfectionism
The belief that humans can achieve moral and societal perfection through faith and good works.
Temperance
A social movement against alcohol consumption, arguing it led to poverty and social decay.
William Lloyd Garrison
An abolitionist and editor of The Liberator, known for his radical stance on ending slavery.
Nat Turner's Rebellion
A slave rebellion in 1831 led by Nat Turner in Virginia.
Liberty Party
An abolitionist political party formed in the 1840s advocating for an end to slavery.
Trail of Tears
The forced removal of the Cherokee Nation from their lands to Oklahoma in 1838-1839.
Market Revolution
A period of rapid economic changes in the early 19th century, characterized by the expansion of markets, improvements in transportation, and the growth of industry.
Erie Canal
Completed in 1825, it linked the Hudson River with Lake Erie, dramatically improving transportation between the East Coast and the Midwest.
Incorporation
Refers to the legal process of creating corporations, which allowed businesses to raise capital by selling shares.
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, it revolutionized cotton production by speeding up the process of separating seeds from cotton fibers.
Putting-Out System
A pre-factory production system where materials were 'put out' to workers who completed the tasks at home.
Companionate Marriage
A shift in marriage ideals emphasizing mutual affection, love, and partnership over economic or familial alliances.
Nativism
A movement favoring native-born Americans over immigrants, often targeting Irish Catholics and Germans.
Know-Nothing Party
A nativist political party in the 1850s, officially known as the American Party.
Henry Clay
A leading statesman known as the 'Great Compromiser' for his role in crafting the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.
Missouri Compromise
An 1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance in Congress.
Adams-Onís Treaty
1819 treaty between the U.S. and Spain, where Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and established a boundary between Spanish territory and the U.S.
Nullification Crisis
A confrontation in the early 1830s between South Carolina and the federal government over state attempts to nullify federal tariffs.
Bank War
President Andrew Jackson's campaign against the Second Bank of the United States, which he saw as a tool for the elite.
Pet Banks
State banks where Jackson placed federal deposits after dismantling the Second Bank.
Whig Party
Founded in opposition to Andrew Jackson, it favored a strong legislative branch, modernization, and economic protectionism.
William Henry Harrison
Whig candidate who became president in 1840 but died shortly after taking office.
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