this shi is for science Olympiad (hopefully)

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Last updated 11:59 PM on 9/26/26
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852 Terms

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Mitochondria
Organelle known as the "powerhouse of the cell"; produces ATP through cellular respiration.
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Neuron
The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
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Semi
conservative replication
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O negative blood
The "universal donor" blood type; lacks A, B, and Rh antigens.
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Photosynthesis
Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
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Metaphase
Mitotic phase where chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
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Alleles
Alternative versions of the same gene.
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Fats (lipids)
Macromolecule used for long
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Autotrophs
Organisms that produce their own food.
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Phenotype
The observable trait that natural selection acts on most directly.
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Helicase
Enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.
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Nephron
The functional unit of the kidney.
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Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants.
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tRNA
Molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
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Parasitism
Symbiotic relationship that benefits one organism while harming the other.
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46 chromosomes
The diploid chromosome number in a typical human somatic cell.
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Ribosome
Cell structure responsible for protein synthesis.
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Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
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Insulin
Hormone that regulates blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake.
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Convergent evolution
When unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.
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Genus
Taxonomic rank directly above species.
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Cell membrane
Structure that regulates movement of substances into and out of a cell.
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1/4
Fraction of offspring showing the recessive phenotype from an Aa x Aa cross.
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White blood cells
Immune cells whose primary role is fighting infection.
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Desert
Biome with extremely low precipitation and high temperature variation.
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Gene
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.
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Allele
An alternative version of a gene.
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Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism.
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Phenotype
The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism.
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Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
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Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a given gene.
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Dominant allele
An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele when present.
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Recessive allele
An allele whose effect is masked when a dominant allele is present.
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Punnett square
A diagram used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.
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Genotypic ratio
The ratio of different genotypes among offspring from a cross.
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Phenotypic ratio
The ratio of different observable traits among offspring from a cross.
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Incomplete dominance
A pattern of inheritance in which neither allele is fully dominant, producing a blended phenotype.
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Codominance
A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are fully and separately expressed.
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Sex
linked trait
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Pedigree
A chart showing the occurrence of a trait across generations of a family.
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Mutation
A change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
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Point mutation
A mutation that changes a single nucleotide base.
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Frameshift mutation
A mutation caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame.
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Karyotype
An organized profile of an organism's chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction
The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.
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Genetic recombination
The process by which offspring end up with a different combination of genes than their parents.
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Crossing over
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
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Meiosis
Cell division that produces four genetically unique haploid gametes.
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Law of segregation
Mendel's principle that allele pairs separate during gamete formation.
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Law of independent assortment
Mendel's principle that genes for different traits are inherited independently of one another.
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Ecosystem
A community of organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment.
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Biotic factor
A living component of an ecosystem.
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Abiotic factor
A non
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Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.
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Community
All the populations of different species living and interacting in an area.
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Habitat
The natural environment in which an organism lives.
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Niche
The role and position an organism has in its environment.
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Food chain
A linear sequence showing the transfer of energy from one organism to another.
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Food web
A network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem.
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Trophic level
A position in a food chain, such as producer, primary consumer, or secondary consumer.
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Producer
An organism that makes its own food, usually via photosynthesis.
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Primary consumer
An organism that eats producers.
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Decomposer
An organism that breaks down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients.
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Carrying capacity
The maximum population size an environment can sustain indefinitely.
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Limiting factor
A resource or condition that restricts population growth.
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Symbiosis
A close, long
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Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
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Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected.
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Parasitism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other.
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Biome
A large geographic region characterized by specific climate and organisms.
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Biodiversity
The variety of life in a particular ecosystem or on Earth as a whole.
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Succession
The gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time.
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Keystone species
A species whose presence has a disproportionately large effect on its ecosystem.
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Biomagnification
The increasing concentration of a substance up successive trophic levels.
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Nitrogen cycle
The process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms in nature.
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Ecosystem
A community of organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment.
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Biotic factor
A living component of an ecosystem.
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Abiotic factor
A non
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Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.
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Community
All the populations of different species living and interacting in an area.
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Habitat
The natural environment in which an organism lives.
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Niche
The role and position an organism has in its environment.
83
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Food chain
A linear sequence showing the transfer of energy from one organism to another.
84
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Food web
A network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem.
85
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Trophic level
A position in a food chain, such as producer, primary consumer, or secondary consumer.
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Producer
An organism that makes its own food, usually via photosynthesis.
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Primary consumer
An organism that eats producers.
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Decomposer
An organism that breaks down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients.
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Carrying capacity
The maximum population size an environment can sustain indefinitely.
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Limiting factor
A resource or condition that restricts population growth.
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Symbiosis
A close, long
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Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
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Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected.
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Parasitism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other.
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Biome
A large geographic region characterized by specific climate and organisms.
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Biodiversity
The variety of life in a particular ecosystem or on Earth as a whole.
97
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Succession
The gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time.
98
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Keystone species
A species whose presence has a disproportionately large effect on its ecosystem.
99
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Biomagnification
The increasing concentration of a substance up successive trophic levels.
100
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Nitrogen cycle
The process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms in nature.