Bio 2 test notes

Cells

the basic unit of life that make up all like, consisting of various structures that perform specific functions

Prokaryotic Cells

No nucleus; bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotic Cells

Have a nucleus; plants, animals, fungi, and protists

plasma membrane

made up of phospholipids

Cytosol

internal fluid of a cell

Chromosomes

Store genetic information

Ribosomes

make proteins

Where is the DNA in Eukaryotic cells stored

in the nucleus

Where is the DNA in prokaryotic cells stored

in the nucleoid region

Chromosomes

Units of DNA

Chromatin (DNA + Proteins) and histones

what chromosomes are made of

Pore complex

allows molecules to enter/ exit the nucleus

endomembrane system

A network of membranes in eukaryotic cells that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles, facilitating the transport and processing of proteins and lipids.

nuclear envelope

outer layer of the nucleus/ the surface of the nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

protein production

Lysosmes

where things are sent to be broken down

Plasma membrane

out into the cell

vacuoles

storage facility; only found in plants; similar to large vesicle

Vesicles

used to transport between some organelles;

Rough ER

contains ribosomes for protein synthesis

Smooth ER

lipid synthesis

Golgi Aparatus

modifies and packages lipids and proteins

glycoprotein

add sugar to a protein

Release of contents extracellularly

vesicle fuses with cell plasma membrane

Lysosomes

contain enzymes for cellular digestion; maintain acidic environment; digest proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

phagocytosis

cell-eating

autophagy

self-eating

Contractile vacuole

used to stop cells from bursting

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

convert energy

Mitochondria

in plant and animal cells; convert sugar to ATP

ATP

adenosine triphosphate; unit of energy that is used to run ourselves

cell respiration

effecicent at making ATP from glucose

anatomy of mitochondria

smooth outer memebrane, folded inner memebrane, i

chloroplasts

in plants, algae

cytoskeleton

a network of fibers

microtubules

make tubes; act like a subway or train

Rigid cell walls

found in plants, some prokaryote, fungi, and protists as well; made of cellulose and other polysaccharides and proteins

plasmodesmata

channels between cells; found in cells with rigid cell walls

types of connections between animal cells

tight joints, desmosomes, gap joints

tight joints

prevent leakage between cells

desmosomes

very strong connections

gap joints

allows some molecules to pass between cells

extracellular matrix

structures that exist outside of cells

integral protein

overlaps hydrophobic layer of plasma membrane

peripheral protein

bound to the surface of the plasma membrane

cholesteraol

exists in the hydrophobic space of the cell wall; can have different effects depending on

passive transport

no energy needed

diffusion

passive; molecules tend to spread out evenly; net movement from high to low gradient; down the concentration gradient

equilibrium

passive; molecules leave at the same rate as they enter

what can pass through the plasmamembrane

small non-polar molecules

facilitated diffusion

channel and carrier proteins let large, charged molecules diffuse; no energy required

hyp

isotonic

liquid has same concentration

hypertonic

liquid has higher concentration

Active transport

works against the concentration gradient; requires energy; requires transmembrane protein, sometimes called pumps

proton pump

move H+ from low to high concentration; creates a membrane voltage, electrochemical

Concentration gradients can power co-transport

build concentration gradient using ATP (ion pump), use concentratoin gradient to move sugars against concentration gradient

metabolism

transforms matter and energy

catabolic

break down complex molecules to release energy

anabolic

build complex molecules by consuming energy

metabolic pathways

think of them as recipes

Enzymes

lower activation energy, speed up reactions, make organize reaction to make it run more effiecently

fermentation

partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen

aerobic respiration

consumes organic molecules and oxygen to make ATP

redox reactions

involve transfer of electrons

coenzymes

large molecules that can shuttle electrons

glycolysis

sugar splitting, occurs outside of the mitochondria

pyruvate oxidation

the product of glycolysis, inside of the mitochondria

citric acid cycle

inside of the mitochondria; main goal is to reduce coenzymes

electron transport chain

most efficient way to make ATP