Anatomy and Physiolgy Chapter 1

Anatomical Position

reference point, standing straight palms facing forward

Directional

location on one body stucture to the relation of another

Superior

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior

toward or at the front of the body

Posterior

toward or at the back of the body

Medial

toward or at midline

Lateral

away frm midline

Inter???

between a more medial and more later struc

Proximal

(Limbs), close to origin of body part (top part)

Distal

(Limbs), farther from the origin of body part (lower part)

Superficial (External)

toward/at body surface

Deep (internal)

away from body surface

Body Planes and sections

sections are cut at imaginary lines known as planes

Sagittal

cut into left, right NOT EQUAL

Median

cut into left, right EQUAL

Frontal

anterior and posterior (front and back)

Transverse

superior and inferior (top and bottom)

how many internal cavities

2

where are the 2 internal cavities of the body located

dorsal, ventral

what are body cavties

provide varing degrees of protection to organs within them

what are the cavities of the dorsal part

cranial, spinal

What makes up the cranial cavity? and how is it protected

the brain (protected by skull)

What makes up the spinal cavity? and how is it protected

the spinal chord (protected by verabrae)

what are the cavities of the ventral part

Thoratic cavity,abdominopelvic

What separates the 2 ventral cavities

the diaphram

What makes up the thoratic cavity? and how is it protected

heart lungs and trache, protected by ribcage

What makes up the abdominopelvic cavity? and how is it protected

stomach, liver (protected by trunk muscles), (pelvis kinda) NO PHYSICAL SEPARATION/DIVISION

other cavities

oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, digestice

Circulatory System

Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases

Digestive System

Extracts and absorbs nutrients from food, removes wastes, maintains water and chemical balances

Endocrine System

Regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction, maintains homeostasis, regulates other organ systems

Urinary System/Excretory

Removes wastes from blood; regulates concentration of body fluids

Lymphatic

Defends against pathogens and disease

Integumentary System

Protects against injury, infection, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature

Muscular System

Moves limbs and trunk; moves substances through body; provides structure and support

Nervous System

Regulates behavior, maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems; controls sensory and motor functions

Reproductive System

Produces gametes and offspring

Respiratory System

Moves air into and out of the lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs

Skeletal System

Protects and supports the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles, produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment (something chnages, you stay the same)

what are the controlling systems of homeostasis?

nervous system, endocrine system

what is a homeostatic imbalance?

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

what are the 3 compnents

receptor, control center, effector

what does the receptor do?

detects change, sends information to the control center

what does the control center do?

Determines set point at which variable is maintained

Receives input from receptor

Determines appropriate response,

what does the effector do?

Provides a means for response to the stimulus; information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway.

what are the feedback mechanisms?

negative, postive

What is negative feedback loop?

It is the most homeostatic control loops, shuts off the original stimulous OR reduces it, it says stop, bascially the household thermometer

What is positive feedback?

a RARE mechanism, INCREASES the original stimulus, faster reaction rate, ex: blood clots, birth (do not stop)