Latam Exam 2

Limpieza de sangre

The second pillar of criollo identity, purity of blood, gave them distinct social advantages over nonwhite ethnic types or castas.

Criollos

Descendants of Spanish immigrants who considered the New World, not Spain, to be their home.

Bourbon Reform

series of economic, administrative, and political changes implemented by the Spanish Crown in the 18th century. sought to increase revenue, improve defense, and curb the power of local elites

Casta Art

A genre of painting in 18th-century colonial Mexico that depicted the mixed-race families resulting from unions between different ethnic groups.

Regalism

The assertion of royal authority over the Catholic Church by the Spanish and Portuguese crowns during the colonial period. It aimed to limit the Church's power by controlling appointments, revenues, and influence, ensuring that religious institutions served the interests of the monarchy.

Tupac Amaru II

An indigenous leader who led a major uprising against Spanish colonial rule in Peru in 1780.

Miguel Hidalgo

The Creole priest who led the Creole conspiracy in Mexico’s northern mining region, which sparked a massive rebellion of indigenous and mestizo peasants.

Grito de Dolores

“Long live the Virgin of Guadalupe, death to bad government, and death to the Gachupines!”

José de San Martín

Argentine general who created a combined army of Argentine-Chilean patriots that became, along with Bolívar’s, one of the most important military forces in the fight for independence in South America.

Simon Bolivar

The tenacious man who became the single most important leader of Spanish American independence.

Carta de Jamaica

A document written by Simón Bolívar in 1815, in which he set forth his vision for Latin America's independence from Spanish rule.

Caudillismo

A political system in which a strong and charismatic leader, called caudillo, exercises authoritarian and personalistic power.

Progress

Refers to efforts to modernize economies, infrastructure, and education systems during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Neo-colonialism

The continued economic and political influence of former colonial powers over their former colonies, despite the latter gaining formal independence. often manifests through economic dependency, foreign investment, and multinational corporations that exploit local resources.

Export-led growth

prominent economic strategy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly with the export of commodities like coffee, sugar, and minerals.

Facundo, or Civilization and Barbarism

1845 work by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. It explores the contrast between civilization (represented by cities, progress, and European ideas) and barbarism (associated with the countryside, caudillismo, and rural life in Argentina).

Porfiriato

Mexican presidency Porfirio Diaz from 1876-1911, period known as the Porfiriato. His regime was marked by modernization and economic growth, but also political repression, land concentration and social inequality, leading to the Mexican Revolution.

Emiliano Zapata

Led indigenous peasants of Morelos who wished to restore their traditional lands. Leader of indigenous peasant force from Morelos

Mexico’s Constitution of 1917

A progressive document that emerged from the Mexican Revolution. It introduced significant social reforms, including land redistribution (Article 27), labor rights like the eight-hour workday and right to strike (Article 123), and restrictions on the power of the church.

Lazaro Cardenas

Carried out many promises of the Constitution during his administration

Porfirio Diaz

Mexican president from 1876-1911. period known as the **Porfiriato. His regime was marked by modernization and economic growth, but also political repression, land concentration and social inequality, leading to the Mexican Revolution.

Spanish American War

A conflict between the United States and Spain, triggered by U.S. support for Cuban independence from Spanish rule. The war resulted in Spain losing its colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific, including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, which were ceded to the United States

Platt Amendment

A U.S. policy that limited Cuba's sovereignty after its independence from Spain. It allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs etc

Jose Marti

Cuban poet, journalist and nationalist who advocated for Cuban self-determination, opposed both Spanish colonial rule and U.S. intervention, and was instrumental in organizing the Cuban War of Independence (1895). Author of “Nuestra America”

“Nuestra America”

Essay by José Martí which calls for Latin American unity, self-determination, and resistance against U.S. and European imperialism. advocates for a unique Latin American identity, free from colonial influences, urging nations to embrace their cultural diversity and Indigenous roots