APUSH Period 4 Part 2

Panic of 1819

The Panic of 1819 was the first major economic crisis in the United States, marked by widespread bank failures, unemployment, and a collapse in agricultural prices. It was fueled by speculative lending practices and overexpansion, contributing to a significant economic downturn.

2nd Bank of the US

The severity of the Panic of 1819 was compounded by excessive speculation in public lands and fueled by the unrestrained issue of paper money from banks. Land speculation refers to the practice of buying and holding land, often large tracts of undeveloped or rural land, with the expectation that its value will increase over time, allowing the speculator to sell it at a higher price in the future.

The Second Bank of the United States (BUS) sought to compensate for its laxness in regulating the state bank credit market by initiating a sharp curtailment in loans by its western branches, beginning in 1818.

The Common Man

None of the new states entering the Union required white men to own property in order to vote, and by the Civil War all but one of the original thirteen states had eliminated property requirements.

This expansion of the franchise has been dubbed Jacksonian Democracy, as the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 became symbolic of the new “politics of the common man.”

Election of 1824

All Candidates were Democratic Republicans. Jackson would win the popular vote, electoral vote but lacked the required majority.

Corrupt Bargain

John Quincy Adams became president due to the vote by the HOR (Henry Clay used his influence to get him elected) and Jackson claimed that it was a corrupt bargain.

Election of 1828

Jackson would be come president.

Period 4; 1829 - 1837

2 Party Political system again

Democrats:

For: 

• Limited power in federal government

• Free trade

• Local rule

Against:

• Corporate monopolies

• High tariffs

• National bank

Whigs:

For:

• Vigorous and involved central government

• National bank

• Protective tariffs

• Federally funded internal improvements

Against:

• Crimes being committed by immigrants

Tariff of 1828

The purpose of these tariffs was to protect American manufacturing from low-priced British manufactured goods. Tariffs heightened sectional tensions because they raised prices on manufactured goods, which benefited the domestic manufacturing industry in the North but was bad for Southern slaveholders who had to pay higher prices for goods.

South Carolina Exposition & Protest

Vice President Calhoun authored a pamphlet titled “South Carolina Exposition and Protest,” which was published anonymously and put forward the theory of nullification—the declaration of a federal law as null and void within state borders.

He argued that since the authority of the federal government derived from the consent of the states, states could nullify any federal law they considered unconstitutional.

Nullification Crisis

Although Jackson was sympathetic to Southerners who complained that protective tariffs damaged their interests, he refused to countenance threats of nullification. Jackson supported states’ rights but viewed nullification as a prelude to secession, and he vehemently opposed any measure that could potentially break up the Union. In July 1832, in an effort to compromise, he signed a new tariff bill that lowered most import duties to their 1816 levels.

• The delegates to the convention threatened to secede if the federal government forcibly sought to collect import duties.

Compromise & Force Bill

President Jackson again sought to compromise. In March 1833, he signed a new tariff bill that lowered tariffs even further, thereby appeasing the South.

But he also signed the Force Bill, which authorized the compulsory collection of import duties from the South—by force of arms if necessary. It was a signal to Southerners that threats of nullification and secession would not be tolerated.

Bank War

First Bank of the US. Jackson lost everything during the time when the market expansion and the availability of western lands should have offered safe opportunities for economic improvement to more and more individuals. Jackson blamed the banking system for his personal financial misfortunes (all involving land speculation and worthless bank notes).

Indian Removal Act

The 1830 act established a process whereby the President could grant land west of the Mississippi River to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands. As incentives, the law allowed the Indians financial and material assistance to travel to their new locations and start new lives and guaranteed that the Indians would live on their new property under the protection of the United States Government forever.

Worcester V. Georgia

In the 1832 case Worcester v. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Georgia's laws did not apply to the Cherokee Nation, affirming the Cherokee Nation's status as a distinct political entity with its own sovereignty.

Treaty of Echota

On December 29, 1835, U.S. government officials and about 500 Cherokee Indians claiming to represent their 16,000-member tribe, met at New Echota, Georgia, and signed a treaty. The agreement led to the forced removal of Cherokees from their southeastern homelands to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

The Treaty of New Echota gave the Cherokees $5 million and land in present-day Oklahoma in exchange for their 7 million acres of ancestral land. Though the majority of Cherokees opposed the treaty, the U.S. Senate ratified the document in March 1836.

Trial of Tears

The "Trail of Tears" refers to the forced removal of Native Americans, particularly the Cherokee Nation, from their ancestral homelands in the southeastern United States to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in the 1830s.

Martin Van Buren

March 4, 1837-March 4, 1841 First president to be born an American citizen and not a British subject. Married his cousin (first cousin once removed).

Period 4; 1837 -1841

Panic of 1837

The Panic of 1837 was a major financial crisis in the United States, characterized by a collapse of banks, plummeting stock prices, and a shortage of hard currency. This economic downturn was triggered by a combination of factors, including rapid economic expansion, easy credit availability, speculation in land, and issues with the nation's banking system.

William Henry Harrison

Whig party and opposed Andrew Jackson. he was a hero from the Battle of Tippecanoe/Tecumseh. John Tyler was his Vice President but William Harrison would die in office making John Tyler the President.

Period 4; 1841

John Tyler

A Whig also and he wouldn’t agree with congress in regards to the bank. The Whigs would kick him out while all of his cabinet quit. John Tyler would annex texas and died in 1862.

Period 4 to early period 5; 1841 - 1845Pre

Preemtion Act 1841

The Preemption Act of 1841 permitted "squatters" who were living on federal government owned land to purchase up to 160 acres at a very low price (not less than $1.25 per acre, or $3.09 per hectare) before the land was to be offered for sale to the general public.

To Qualify:

• a "head of household"

• a single man over 21, or a widow

• a citizen of the United States (or was intending to become naturalized)

• a resident of the claimed land for a minimum of 14 months.

Webster Ashburton Treaty

The Webster–Ashburton Treaty, signed August 9, 1842, was a treaty that resolved several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies (the region that became Canada). Signed under John Tyler's presidency.

Enlightenment and Romanticism

Both played a key role in U.S. History The Enlightenment was the age of reason, while Romanticism was focused on human emotion. Romanticism, fueled by the French Revolution, was a reaction to the scientific rationalism and Age of Enlightenment. Romanticism was an 18th century artistic and intellectual movement that stressed emotion, freedom and individual imagination.

2nd Great Awakening

Religion was separated from the control of political leaders in the first amendment, thus a series of religious revivals swept the U.S. While Congregationalists, Anglicans and Quakers were the largest denominations at the start of the American Revolution, but 1800, Methodism and Baptists were fast-growing religions.

Literature

• James Fennimore Cooper: Last of the Mohicans.

  • Romanticized the opportunity and danger of western lands

• Washington Irving: Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

  • A world of fantasy.

• Noah Webster: American Dictionary 

  • Used in Education, standardizing spelling and pronunciation of American English.

Art

The Hudson River School A group of New York City-based landscape painters that emerged about 1850. Like Romantic painters in Britain and Germany, Hudson River School artists embraced the landscape as a meaningful subject, precisely as industrialization began to change terrains and reshape man's connection to his environment. The Americans both championed these forces of modernization and lamented what was lost in the name of "progress."

Philosophy

Transcendentalism: People, men and women equally, have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel.

• Ralph Waldo Emerson

  • Henry David Thoreau

Utopian Societies

• Oneida

  • The Oneida colonists in upstate New York considered themselves all to be married to each other in a practice they called “complex marriage.” Monogamy was thoroughly rejected, and all decisions about childbearing and procreation were handled by committee.

• Shakers

  • Shaker societies were characterized by communal living, productive labor, celibacy, pacifism, and gender equality. They were also associated with feminist and abolitionist reform movements in the 19th century.

Architecture

• White House

  • U.S. Capitol Building

Age of Reform

Reacting to the rationalism of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening reignited Protestant spirituality during the early nineteenth century. Many emerged from these religious revivals with a conviction that human society could be changed to look more heavenly. They joined their spiritual networks to rapidly developing social reform networks that sought to alleviate social ills and eradicate moral vice.

Temperance

In the period following the American Revolution many Americans drank to excess. This was due in part to economic and social problems that occurred as a result of rapid inflation following the war for independence. But widespread drinking was also a way of life. Temperance supporters wanted to prohibit, or stop, other people from making and drinking beer, wine, and liquor in the U.S. The American Temperance Society was the first U.S. social movement organization to mobilize massive and national support for a specific reform cause.

Abolition

The Second Great Awakening encouraged the concept of adopting renewed morals, which centered around the idea that all men are created equal in the eyes of God.

Most early abolitionists were white, religious Americans, but some of the most prominent leaders of the movement were also Black men and women who had escaped from bondage.

They sent petitions to Congress, ran for political office and inundated people of the South with anti-slavery literature.

• William Lloyd Garrison

• Frederick Douglass

Women’s Rights

Meanwhile, many American women were beginning to chafe against what historians have called the “Cult of True Womanhood”: that is, the idea that the only “true” woman was a pious, submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family. The first attempt to organize a national movement for women’s rights occurred in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, about 300 people—most of whom were women—attended the Seneca Falls Convention to outline a direction for the women’s rights movement. Stanton’s call to arms, her “Declaration of Sentiments,” echoed the Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal.”

Dehumanization

• Separation of children from their mother

• Slaves were fed with nothing and mush

Slave Culture

They kept their own Language, Music, cuisine, religion, culture, and folklore. This wasn’t the only surprising thing since it also spread to the white Americans like the words bogus, bug, phony, yam, tote, gumbo, jamboree, jazz, and funky.

Slave Resistance

• Haitian Revolution

• Nat Turner’s Rebellion

• Amistad

• And John Brown’s Raid on harper fairy

Slave Codes

Legally considered property, slaves were not allowed to own property of their own. They were not allowed to assemble without the presence of a white person. Slaves that lived off the plantation were subject to special curfews. With each new rebellion, the slave codes became ever more strict, further abridging the already limited rights and privileges this oppressed people might hope to enjoy.

White Supremacy

• Despite this unequal distribution of wealth, non-slaveholding whites shared with white planters a common set of values, most notably a belief in white supremacy. 

• Whites, whether rich or poor, were bound together by racism. Slavery defused class tensions among them, because no matter how poor they were, white southerners had race in common with the mighty plantation owners. 

• Non-slaveholders accepted the rule of the planters as defenders of their shared interest in maintaining a racial hierarchy. 

• Significantly, all whites were also bound together by the constant, prevailing fear of slave uprisings.

D

Defending Slavery

Southerners musJohn C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a “positive good.” He went further, making legal arguments about the Constitution protecting states’ rights to preserve slavery. Calhoun then offered a moral defense of slavery by claiming it to be a more humane method of organizing labor than the conditions wage laborers faced in industrial cities in Europe and the northern United States.t stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a “positive good.” He went further, making legal arguments about the Constitution protecting states’ rights to preserve slavery. Calhoun then offered a moral defense of slavery by claiming it to be a more humane method of organizing labor than the conditions wage laborers faced in industrial cities in Europe and the northern United States.