Animal Science 2

Functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) Tract: Headgut

Purpose: receives. Function is mastication, salivation, deglutition, peristalsis, and prehension. Mouth.

Functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) Tract: Foregut

Purpose: Conducting & storing. Function: create acid (HCL to denature protein bile to help digest fat. Stomach

Functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) Tract: Midgut

Purpose: Digestion & absorption. Function: break bonds, intestine, organs, and microbes. Small & large intestine.

Small intestine

(DJI) Duodenum- Neutralize stomach acid

Jejunum- digestion & absorption

Ileu- absorption

Large intestine

(CCR) Colon- absorbs water & forms feces

Cecum- blind pouch & site of fermentation (for some species

Rectum- connect colon to anus

Crop

storage area for food in poultry

Proventriculus

Stomach of bird where acid breakdown happens

Gizzard

Muscle contract and grind feed for poultry and sturgeon

Sturgeon stomach has

2 parts

Proximal stomach- close to stomach/acid digestion

Distal stomach- gizzard

Pyloric cecum (sturgeon)

located near stomach = slow movement of feed and help with digestion of fat

Gallbladder

bile production which aids with fat digestion

Ruminants have __ compartment

4

Ruminant stomach: Rumen

Papillae\. A giant fermentation bag where cellulose is broken down and is converted to fatty acids & amino acids.

Ruminant stomach: Reticulum

Honeycomb. Function as a size sorter

Ruminant stomach: Omasum

Folds. Function as a dehydrator and absorb liquid.

Ruminant stomach: Abomasum

Muscular. Function is the true stomach where acid segregation happens.

Esophageal groove

Let’s milk go straight to the true stomach of the animal.

Monogastric stomach: Cardia

Function: feed enters from the esophagus

Monogastric stomach: Fundus

Function: Stores gas from digestion.

Monogastric stomach: Rugae

Function: expands when food is inside

Monogastric stomach: Pyloric antrum

Duodenum

Monogastric stomach: Pyloric sphincter

gate

Stomach microstructure: Gastric Pit and Gland: Mucous neck cells

Purpose: Secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from acid.

Stomach microstructure: Gastric Pit and Gland: Parietal cells

Purpose: Secrete HCL for protein digestion.

Stomach microstructure: Gastric Pit and Gland: Chief cells

Purpose: Secrete enzymes that break down protein, and help in digestion.

Gallbladder

-Secretes bile which is made in live to assist with lipid absorption.

-store & concentrated

Pancreas

-Secret many digestive enzymes

Bacterial fermentation happens in ___ of monogastrics

colon

Villi line the small intestine

Function: Enterocyte absorbs nutrients.

Paracellular route

Pathway across tight junctions between epithelial cells.

Transcellular route

Pathway across the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells.

Essential nutrients

Def: Must be obtained from the diet.

Nonessential nutrients

Can be made in the animal.

Carbohydrates include: and are a source of ____

sugars, starches and cellulose, energy

Fats (lipids) are ___, they contain

Fats and oils, 2.25 x more energy & fat-soluble vitamins

Some fats are essential in

prostaglandin in estrous cycle mediator. It helps tell animal if she’s pregnant.

Saturated fatty acid

No double bonds in the fatty acid chain.

Unsaturated fatty acid

One or more double bonds in fatty acid

Proteins are

polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Minerals are

inorganic (all elements other than C, H, O, & N)

Macro-nutrient

if required in large amounts (ex: calcium)

Micro-nutrient

if required in trace amounts (ex: selenium)

Vitamins are

group of chemically unrelated organic compounds (regulate body functions- metabolism)

Vitamins include ___ vitamins

• Fat soluble

• Water Soluble

________ vitamins are required for all animals

Fat

_______ vitamins are essential for monogastric animals

Water-soluble

Digestible Energy (DE) is

energy that can be used by the animal. Gross E in feed- E in feces

Metabolized Energy (DE) is ______. It can be used to _____

E that is lost in urine and gaseous products of digestion, break down its feed.

Net energy (NE) is used

in consumption, digestion and metabolism feed

E (energy) is used in maintenance for

basal metabolism, voluntary activity, and temperature regulation

E (energy) is used in production for

reproduction, growth, lactation, & fat deposition

Proximate Analysis can measure

water, nutrients, minerals, nitrogen, carbohydrates, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, ash

Passive transport requires ____. It is a ____ or can be a

no energy, diffusion across membrane, facilitated diffusion

Active transport requires ____ and use the help of

energy, transporter proteins

Examples of active transport

• carbohydrates

• amino acids

• minerals

Examples of passive transport

• fats

• vitamins

• water

Use of energy: Maintenance

• used for basal metabolism

• voluntary activity

• temperature regulation

Use of energy: Production

• reproduction

• growth

• lactation

• deposition

Antigen is an ____ and it stimulates an ____. They are made of _____.

antibody-generator, immune response, protein & carbohydrates

Epitope is ____. Each antigen can have ____. Each epitope can generate a ____

the heart of antigen, several epitopes, unique antibody.

Lymphocytes are ____

white blood cells that are a part of the immune system

Thymus is the site of ____ maturation which ____.

T cell, stimulates antigen

Bone marrow is the site of _____ maturation, and it produces

B cell, antibodies

Passive Immunity is the transfer of _______. An example is ____ and ___.

maternal antibodies, via colostrum &mature milk

In the innate immune response, the _____ get triggered by antigen and start inflammation and phagocytosis which is _____.____.___.

leukocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, & neutrophils

In the adaptive immune response, the antigen presenting cells travel to secondary ____ organs where ___ get activated which in activates ____ to make antibody.

lymphoid, T cells, B cells

Hyperplasia is the _________.

multiplication of cells.

Hypertrophy is the

increase in cell size

Leukocytes are ______ cells.

white blood

Primary embryonic: Ectoderm is the ____ of the three germ layers and it develops to the ____,_____,____, & _____.

outermost, skin, nervous system, hair & brain.

Primary embryonic: Mesoderm is the _____ of the three germ layers and it develops to the ____,____,____,___,____ & ____.

Middle, skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood and reproductive tract.

Primary embryonic: Endoderm is the _____ of the three germ layers and it develops to the ____,____,____,___, & ____.

Innermost, digestive tract, lungs, bladder & liver

The buffers ____ & ____ help regulate pH levels.

phosphate & bicorbunate

The three main volatile fatty acids are ___, ___, & ____.

Acetic acid, Butyric acid, & Propionic acid

Propionic acid is important for ______ and makes 70% of ____.

milk production, glucose

Microbiota is

a collection of all microorganisms living in a particular environment.

Acetic acid is the main ____ source and building blocks for ____ production in the mammary glands.

energy, fat

Bacteria in the rumen can make their own ____.

protein

The main form of fat in an animal’s diet is _____.

Triglycerides (composed of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached)

Microbes ferment ______ into volatile fatty acids (VFAs) which serve as a primary ____ source for ruminants

carbohydrates, energy

Microbes modify dietary fats, converting unsaturated ____ into saturated forms which influence milk and ___ deposition

fatty acids, fat

Microbes break down dietary protein & synthesize microbial protein which becomes a major ___ source for the animal

protein