Mendel's Laws of Inheritance and Genetic Principles

Pangenesis

Ancient theory suggesting traits originate from all body parts.

Preformationism

Theory proposing organisms develop from miniature versions.

Blending Theory

Traits are mixed together in offspring.

Mendel's Laws

Principles derived from Mendel's pea plant experiments.

True-Breeder

Variety producing consistent traits across generations.

Monohybrid Cross

Cross examining a single trait variation.

F1 Generation

First filial generation from parental crosses.

F2 Generation

Second filial generation from F1 self-fertilization.

Particulate Theory

Traits are inherited as discrete units.

Law of Segregation

Alleles segregate during gamete formation.

Gametes

Haploid cells involved in reproduction.

Homozygous

Individual with two identical alleles for a trait.

Heterozygous

Individual with two different alleles for a trait.

Genotype

Specific allelic composition of an organism.

Phenotype

Observable characteristics of an organism.

Punnett Square

Grid predicting genetic cross outcomes.

Dihybrid Cross

Cross examining two traits simultaneously.

Independent Assortment

Genes segregate independently during gamete formation.

Nonparentals

New trait combinations not found in parents.

Test Cross

Cross to determine genotype of a dominant phenotype.

Loss of Function Alleles

Mutated genes resulting in inactive proteins.

Recessive Mutations

Require both alleles mutated to express phenotype.

Dominant Mutations

Affected by only one mutated allele.

Mendelian Ratios

Expected ratios from Mendelian inheritance patterns.

PKU

Genetic disorder caused by recessive mutation.

Marfan Syndrome

Dominant genetic disorder affecting connective tissue.

Huntington's Disease

Dominant disorder causing neurodegeneration.

Dihybrid Test-Cross

Tests independent assortment in two traits.

Quantitative Analysis

Mathematical evaluation of experimental biological data.