World history semester 1 midterm

What chronological event divides the designations B.C.E. and C.E.?

Birth of Jesus.

What is the Agricultural Revolution?

The move from hunting and gathering society to city-based society.

Who are Nomads?

People who moved from place to place following game animals and ripening fruit.

What does Prehistory refer to?

The long period of time before people invented systems of writing.

What is a Barter Economy?

Exchange one set of goods and services for another.

Define History.

The study of how people lived in the past.

What is feudalism?

A system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other forms of support to a ruler.

What are the characteristics of Hunters and Food Gatherers?

Made clothing from animals, believed in the afterlife and spiritual world.

What are the first 5 books of the Old Testament called?

Torah.

Define Diaspora.

Term that refers to Jews being forced from their homeland and sent to different parts of the world.

What are the important beliefs of Buddhism?

Four Noble Truths.

What was the philosophical difference between Athens and Sparta?

Sparta believed in military training while Athens believed in education.

What was the source of tension between Greece and Persia?

Athens sent ships to aid the Ionians in revolt against Persia.

What were the results of Alexander the Great’s conquests?

Formation of a new Hellenistic culture.

What is a Martyr?

Someone who suffers and dies for their beliefs.

Identify Pax Romana.

The 200-year span in which Roman rule brought peace, order, and prosperity.

Who was Jesus?

Began preaching at age 30 and claimed to be the messiah.

What were the Punic Wars?

A series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage.

What caused Christianity to spread rapidly in 392 A.D.?

The Roman Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.

What were Justinian’s accomplishments while ruling the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire reached its greatest size.

What did the Ottoman’s rename Constantinople?

Istanbul.

What type of government did Justinian hope to create?

Theocracy.

How was the Bubonic Plague spread?

Spread by fleas on rats.

Why did the Crusaders join the Crusades?

A chance to earn salvation.

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

Pilgrimage, declaration of faith, alms to the poor, daily prayer, and fasting.

What did the Sunni and Shiite Muslims disagree about?

They disagreed about how Muhammad’s successor should be chosen.

Who was Genghis Khan?

Developed a reputation for courage and became supreme ruler of the Mongols before age 45.

What trade route did Genghis Khan expand his empire around?

Silk Road.

How did Mongol rule influence Russia?

Isolated Russia from advances in Western Europe in art and science.

Describe the organization of Mayan Government.

Individual city-states with a ruling chief.

Provide examples of Aztec and Mayan learning.

Pyramids.

What were the Analects?

A collection of sayings by Confucius.

Identify the effect of Confucianism on Chinese society.

Confucianism would hold Chinese society together through dynastic changes.

Define Bushido.

Code of values known as the way of the warrior.

Identify the Battle of Kulikovo.

Battle in 1380 in which the princes of Moscow defeated the Mongols.

Why did Russia want a warm water port?

Ability to trade year-round.

How did Russia gain territory along the Baltic?

Defeated Sweden.

What was Ottoman Law based on?

Sharia Law.

What was Urdu?

A new language that was a combination of Persian, Arabic, and Hindi.

What were the four main teachings of Sikhism?

Unity of God.

What were the political views of Machiavelli?

The ends justify the means.

What were the 95 Theses?

Outlined Martin Luther’s arguments against the sale of indulgences.

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

Agreement that German Princes could decide for themselves whether their lands would be Catholic or Lutheran.

Who was Johann Gutenberg?

Printed a complete edition of the Bible using movable type in 1456.

Define Absolute Monarch.

Ruler with complete authority over government and the lives of the people.

Describe Louis XIV.

Absolute monarch who said 'I am the state.'

What was the most valued trade item in Europe during the Age of Exploration?

Spices.

Who was Christopher Columbus?

An Italian navigator who wanted to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean to the Indies.

What was the Line of Demarcation?

Divided the non-European world between Spain and Portugal.

Identify Cortes.

Spanish Conquistador who captured Tenochtitlan in 1521.

Define Encomiendas.

The right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area.

Where was the first permanent French settlement in North America?

Quebec.

What were the results of the Treaty of Paris in 1763?

Ensured British dominance of North America.

What caused Native American populations to decrease in North America?

Disease.

What effect did sugarcane have on the transatlantic slave trade when it was introduced in the Caribbean?

Increased the Atlantic slave trade.

What are the three holiest cities in Islam?

Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem.

What are the five Pillars of Islam?

Pilgrimage, Fasting, Charity, Pray 5 times a day, and Declaration of Faith.

Describe prehistoric life.

No Countries.

Identify the contributions of the Abbasids.

Advanced Mathematics.

Define Covenant.

Binding Agreement.

Who was Cyrus the Great?

Persian King who defeated Babylon and freed the Jews from captivity.

Define Karma.

Refers to all the actions of a person’s life that affects his or her fate in the next life.

Identify the sacred texts in Buddhism.

Tripitaka.

Define Crusades.

Holy War.

Identify the causes of the Crusades.

Free the Holy Land from Muslim control.

Where did the Mongols come from?

Central Asia.

Name the sacred texts in Hinduism.

Bhagavad Gita.

What was the Battle of Marathon?

Outnumbered 2 to 1, the Athenians defeated the Persians in 490 B.C.E.

What was the Delian League?

An alliance organized by Athens with other Greek city-states.

Define natural laws.

Natural Laws are laws that govern human nature.

What is meant by the social contract?

An agreement by which people gave up the state of nature for an organized society.

What term means to allow businesses to operate with little or no government interference?

Laissez-faire.

What movement grew out of the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s?

The Enlightenment.

What were John Locke’s three natural rights?

Life, liberty, and property.

What form of government did Montesquieu believe was the best way to protect liberty?

A government that had separation of powers.

What were Hobbes’ beliefs about human nature?

People in their natural state were good but corrupted by the evils of society.

Who wrote Common Sense?

Thomas Paine.

What were the three natural rights contained in the Declaration of Independence?

Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

What was the significance of the Battle of Yorktown?

In 1781, George Washington with the help of the French navy defeated the British.

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris ending the Revolutionary War?

The British recognized American independence.

What was the Constitution?

The governing document that set up the national government for the United States in 1789.

Define Bourgeoisie.

The middle class in France that sat at the top of the Third Estate.

What is deficit spending?

Defined as a government spending more than it takes in.

Who were members of the First Estate in France?

The clergy.

What was the economic status of the clergy in French Society?

The clergy did not pay taxes in France.

What percentage of France’s population was the Third Estate?

98%.

What did Louis XVI call for in 1789?

A meeting of the Estates General.

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

The vow not to disband until they had written a constitution for France.

What was the significance of the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805?

Britain defeated France, preventing Napoleon from invading England.

What was the significance of the Battle of Waterloo?

British and Prussian forces combined to defeat Napoleon.