SLP 536 Week 7 Midterm

Signs and symptoms of dysphagia

Coughing/choking during or after eating, wet/gurgly vocal quality after swallowing, sensation of food stuck in throat, recurrent pneumonia, weight loss/dehydration, drooling, difficulty initiating swallow, nasal regurgitation, and prolonged mealtimes.

Importance of a swallow screen

To quickly identify individuals at risk for dysphagia who may need further assessment, reducing the risk of aspiration and other complications.

Aspiration confirmation

Material must pass below the level of the vocal folds into the airway.

Swallowing sequence

Oral preparatory stage → Oral stage → Pharyngeal stage → Esophageal stage.

Muscles involved in soft palate elevation

Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus.

Average length of a normal swallow

Approximately 1 second (pharyngeal phase), though the entire process can take 5-10 seconds depending on the bolus.

Formal instrumentation for swallowing evaluation

Modified Barium Swallow Study (MBSS) and Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES).

MBSS procedure

A videofluoroscopic X-ray procedure where a patient swallows barium-coated substances to assess oral, pharyngeal, and upper esophageal function.

Procedure for measuring aspiration and penetration

Modified Barium Swallow Study (MBSS), using the Penetration-Aspiration Scale.

Pharyngeal swallow trigger

When the bolus reaches the anterior faucial pillars (in younger individuals) or the valleculae (in older adults).

Cause of acid reflux

Dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing stomach acid to backflow into the esophagus.

Cause of anterior spillage of food

Poor lip seal or labial weakness.

Bedside Swallow Evaluation (BSE)

Review of case history, oral mechanism exam, trial swallows with various consistencies, and observation for signs of aspiration or difficulty.

Cranial nerves involved in lingual and labial function

CN VII (Facial) - labial movement, CN XII (Hypoglossal) - lingual movement.

Signs suggesting aspiration

Coughing or throat clearing during/after swallowing, wet vocal quality, changes in breathing, and recurrent pneumonia.

Super Supraglottic Swallowing Maneuver

Helps close the airway by bearing down and breath-holding during swallowing to prevent aspiration.

IDDSI

International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative.

IDDSI diet texture and liquid levels

Food levels: 0 = Thin, 3 = Liquidized, 4 = Pureed, 5 = Minced & Moist, 6 = Soft & Bite-sized, 7 = Regular. Liquid levels: 0 = Thin, 1 = Slightly Thick, 2 = Mildly Thick, 3 = Moderately Thick, 4 = Extremely Thick.

Staging of head and neck cancers

Using the TNM system - Tumor size (T), Node involvement (N), and Metastasis (M).

Types of glossectomies

Partial glossectomy, hemiglossectomy, subtotal glossectomy, and total glossectomy.