growth and development

define the concept of growth

growth is the process of size increasing, which in humans is measured in their weight and height. Growth is predictable and occurs in an orderly fashion.

define the concept of development

it is the process of increasing maturation in both physically and mentally. This specifically includes changes in behavior, physical abilities, and thought processes.

define the concept of functional ability

functional ability is how well or proficient and individual can perform daily motor activities/activities of daily living

what are risk factors for infants?

Poor nutrition or inadequate weight gain, chocking/aspiration, suffocation and unsafe sleep, developmental delays, and sudden infant death syndrome

what are some health assessment questions you can ask for one to three month old

does your baby smile at you?

Does your baby follow objects like a rattle with her eyes?

Does your baby turn her head from side to side when she hears a noise?

Does your baby seem to try to talk to you when you talk to her?

Does your baby hold an object if you put it in her hand?

Do you ever see your baby looking at her own hand?

Does your baby ever squeal when she is excited?

what are some ways that you would be able to teach a parent to avoid sudden infant death syndrome

keep infant cribs, clear of over stuff, pillows, blankets, and stuffed animals

Never leave small object objects within each of an infant because of the risk of choking

Infant would never be put to sleep in the prone position

don't co-sleep with an infant

what are some risk factors for infants that are 4 to 6 months?

Sudden, infant death syndrome, choking, poor hand hygiene, colic, and shaken baby syndrome (abuse)

what are some assessment questions you can ask about 4-6 month old

does your baby roll from back to side?

Can you babysit if propped?

Does your baby play with his hands, clothing, and blankets?

Does your baby put toys in his mouth?

Does your baby laugh out loud?

Does your baby hold his own bottle?

does yours Baby make sounds?

Does your baby look for toys that are dropped?

what are health risks in a 7-9 month old baby

SIDS, colic, shaken baby syndrome (abuse)

increased mobility risks (crawling hazards, choking risks)

food allergies and inadequate iron

what should be used in babies who are formula-fed

iron-fortified infant formula

Should parents stay when an infant is in the hospital

yes. due to trust vs. mistrust, parents should stay to ensure the needs of the infants are met.

what are some health assessment questions You can ask about a 7 to 9 month old

can your baby sit up, either supported or unsupported?

does your baby pass toys from one hand to the other?

Baby focus on an object for longer periods of time than in previous months?

Does your baby say mama or dada?

Is your baby crawling or trying to stand?

Does your baby resist diaper changes or washing her face

what are health risks for 10-12 months

SIDS, colic, and abuse

what are some health assessment questions for 10-12 months

can your child move from lying face down to sitting unassisted?

is your child trying to walk? If so, with or without support?

what words does your child say?

does your child search for objects you hide?

does your child play games like peek-a-boo?

what are the developmental milestones of a 3 month old

-raises head and chest when prone

-brings hands to mouth

-follows a moving object with eyes

-smiles at the sound of caregivers voice

-smiles socially

-babbles

what are the developmental milestones of a 7 month old

-rolls from front to back and from back to front

-sits with support and then without

-transfers object from one hand to another

-responds to own name

-uses voice to express pleasure

-finds partially hidden objects

what are the developmental milestones of a 12 month old?

-gets to sitting position without assistance

-crawls forward on belly and legs to push

-assumes hands-to-knees position

-uses pincer grasp

-says "da-da" and "ma-ma"

-tries to imitate words

What is the rooting reflex?

when the corner of the mouth is touched, baby will turn the head toward the touch and open the mouth

When does the rooting reflex disappear?

4 months

what is the sucking reflex

Sucking response when roof of mouth is touched

when does the sucking reflex disappear

12 months

What is the Moro reflex?

in response to a loud sound, babies will extend their arms, throwback their head, and often cry

what is the moro reflex also known as

startle reflex

when does the Moro reflex disappear

2 months

what is the grasp reflex?

place finger in baby's hand or stroke palm and they will grasp and not let go

When does the Grasp reflex disappear

5-6 months

What is the Babinski reflex?

When stroking the sole of the foot causes big toe to move upward and the remaining toes fan out

When does the Babinski reflex disappear?

9-12 months

what is the tonic neck reflex

when an infant is lying in a supine position and the head is turned to the side, the infant will extend the arm on the side the head is facing. the opposite arm will be bent.

What are the physical growth changes for 1-3 months

babies can lift their heads when placed in a prone position. They have improved head control.

what is the physical growth/changes of a 4-6 month old

roll from back to side, holds bottle, sits if propped up

what is the physical growth/change associated with 7-9 month olds

grip/pass objects from one hand to the other, crawling/beginning to stand, sit up supported or unsupported, says simple words such as dada

what are the physical growth/changes of a 10-12 month old

begins to attempt walking, bringing self to sitting position, says some words

what are safety concerns for a 1-3 month old

SIDS, sleeping situations (risk of suffocation), falls

what are safety concerns for a 4-6 month old

rolling, searching for and grasping objects, choking

what are safety concerns for a 7-9 month old

increased risk for falls due to increased mobility, choking, poisoning from household items

what are safety concerns for a 10-12 month old

falls and drowning due to increased mobility, choking

how can you educate patients on how to handle newborns and infants

-safe sleeping practices

-normal growth and development milestones

-importance of nutrition and how to appropriately feed and infant at different stages of

-educate how to childproof a home when infants become more mobile

what is the age range for toddlers

1-3 years

what are risk factors for toddlers

nutrition: growth rate slows during this time, so the child's needs for calories and other nutrients also decreases. Toddlers also get very picky, so parents need to make mealtime fun, and avoid "finish your plate" mindset. They also need planned nutritious snacks in addition to regular meals

-because toddlers are more mobile, the risk for falling and injuring themselves increase.

What gross motor skills do toddlers develop

around 12-13 months, the toddler can begin to walk with a wide stance and can easily get off balanced and fall. By age of 2, toddlers can walk up and down stairs. By 2 and 1/2 toddlers can jump using both feet, and by 3, all those skills become more refined.

fine motor skills of a toddler

at 1 yr old, toddlers can grasp small objects, and by 15 months, they can drop small objects in a bottle. By 18 months, toddlers can throw objects.

what are the social/emotional developmental milestone of toddlers

they develop a strong sense of autonomy, and they often say "no" when they really want to say "yes" and temper tantrums are a common response to frustration

what are the expected physical growth/changes that occur in a toddler

physical growth slows after infancy, but from 1-3 toddlers still grow at a good pace. The toddler develops binocular vision. In addition, all body systems have matured respiratory and heart rate slows. Toddlers can now tolerate foods and muscle coordination increases rapidly.

What are the safety concerns for toddlers

Cars: toddles should remain in the backseat following proper manufacturing instructions for buckling up.

choking: now that a toddler can tolerate more solid foods, the rate of choking increases

mobility: since the toddler is a lot more mobile, constant supervision around the house and in public is vital.

what challenges can the nurse expect related to hospitalization of toddlers?

toddlers can not fully grasp the idea of being in the hospital, so the toddler will most likely be upset.

Separation anxiety front parents can lead to them not following instructions and temper tantrums can happen

provide examples of care and education for the toddler

nutrition: forgo the "clean your plate mindset". make mealtimes fun and low pressure; have plenty of nutritious snacks and be mindful that a "no" can be an automatic response even if they mean to say yes.

sleep: establish a consistent sleep and nap schedule and keep the routine as consistent as possible.

nurse assessment questions for toddlers

at what age did your toddler begin walking?

is your toddler sleeping through the night?

what kinds of foods does your toddler eat?

is your toddler saying words?

does your toddler interact with you and others?

what is the age range for preschool

3-6

what are the risk factors for a preschooler

child maltreatment: physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, neglect. signs include bruising, excessive fear, depression withdrawal, extreme behaviors, or fear of going home.

-poor nutrition: the child consumes unhealthy foods rather than nutritious ones

-tooth decay: if they consume excessively sugared drinks and candy

health assessment questions for pre-schoolers

is your pre-schooler potty trained?

what types of activities does your preschooler enjoy? can you preschooler ride a tricycle, skip, or hop on one foot?

does your preschooler play with other children?

does your child talk in sentences?

does your preschooler play make-believe?

what is the average weight gain per year for preschoolers

5 lbs per year

what is the average height gain per year for preschoolers

2 1/2 to 3 inches per year

gross motor skills of a preschooler at age of 3

The child can not only walk, but also run, jump, and climb. They also enjoy activities such as riding a tricycle and throwing a ball

gross motor skills by age 4-5

the child can skip, hop on one foot and turn somersaults

fine motor skills for preschoolers

increased interest and ability in drawing and printing letters

the child is able to dress without assistance

what happens to a preschoolers imagination

their imagination skyrockets

safety concerns for preschooler aged child's

preschoolers are very active, so constant supervision is needed when running, biking, jumping.

watch for signs of abuse (excessive fear, depression, withdrawal, extreme behaviors, or fear of going home)

promote healthy eating habits; limit soda and candy

what challenges can a nurse expect related to hospitalizations of preschoolers

the preschooler will most likely blame themselves for the visit, due to their egocentric nature.

Nurse must not blame the child or avoid telling the child that this is punishment for breaking the rules

examples of care and education for the preschooler

encourage the preschooler to play and go outside

show them new skills like drawing, painting, and other activities to develop fine motor skills.

tell parents to avoid sugary drinks/foods to prevent teeth decay

what is the age of school-age kids

6-12

how much does their height increase per year

2 inches

how much weight do they gain per year

4-6 lbs

what physical changes occurs during school-age years

fat diminishes, skeleton lengthens along with an increase in muscle tissue.

they can better fight infections, maintain a more stable blood glucose pattern.

caloric needs decrease and an increase in stomach capacity enables children to eat less frequently

safety concerns for school-age children

as children play outdoors, they risk accidents while riding bikes or skateboards.

sedentary children are at risk for developing childhood obesity

bullying (verbal, physical, or cyberbullying)

assessment questions for school age children

does your child get along with classmates?

what are your child's favorite activities?

does your child eat a well-balanced diet?

is your child sick frequently?

can your child ride a bike?

expected developmental changes for school age children

They gain confidence and a sense of satisfaction from peer interactions and from activities that they can carry through to completion.

competition and working with others to accomplish goals is also a new skill learned.

Around 5-7, having full blown conversations is normal. this skill is transferred to mathematical equations

develop the ability to classify objects

challenge nurses may face with the hospitalization of school-age children

fear of being hurt or of experiencing unknown procedures.

separation from peers can be stressful; encourage visits, cards, or phone conversations with friends and family

examples of care and education for school aged children

encourage limited screen time and more physical activity

encourage healthy meal/food options

educate children and parents on bullying and cyberbullying and associated effects it brings

age of adolescence

12-18

risk factors of adolescents

engagement in risky behaviors such as alcohol, drugs, sex, peer pressure; along with negative body image, mental health, and isolation

health assessment questions for adolescents

do you have friends?

do you ever feel sad? do you think about self-harm or suicide?

do you drink alchol?

do you smoke?

are you having sex?

when is the female growth spurt

9-14 years old

when is the male growth spurt

10-16 years old

when does the female growth spurt end

1-2 years after onset of menstruation

when does the male growth spurt end

between the ages of 18-20

what are the expected physical growth/changes in female adolescents

initial breast growth

increase in height and weight

growth of pubic and collar hair

onset of menstruation

what are the expected physical growth/changes in male adolescents

enlargement of testicles

growth of public, axillary, facial, and body hair

rapid increase in height

changes in larynx, causing lowering of the voice

nocturnal emissions ("wet dreams")

what are the expected developmental changes in adolescents

the need for privacy is strong

isolation from household (independent from parents, closer to friends)

sexual orientation development

safety concerns for adolescents

suicide, car accidents, unhealthy diets, self image issues, bullemia, STDs, alcohol and drug use

what challenges can the nurse expect related to hospitalization of an adolescent?

separation from peers can be very hard for an adolescent

mental health concerns

provide examples of care and education for the adolescent

abstaining from risky behaviors such

explain procedures and outcomes

seatbelt safety

support peer connection

nutritional education: caloric and protein intake increase, risk of skipping meals, warning signs of eating disorders

young adulthood ages

18-34

risk factors for young adults

sexual/domestic violence

transmitted diseases

accidents

drugs

gun violence

unhealthy eating habits

health assessment questions for young adult

are you in a healthy/safe relationship

do you take non-prescription drugs?

how often do you drink?

how often do you exercise?

do you take safety precaution for STDs?

expected developmental changes in young adults

an increase in rational, thinking, understanding, empathy, maturity, conceptual, and problem-solving skills

expected physical growth/changes in young adults

The body finishes developing and is at its strongest point

Are there any safety concerns for a young adult?

violence

Drugs and alcohol use

Sexually transmitted disease diseases

what challenges can the nurse expect related to hospitalization of a young adult?

independent decision-making and concerns of missing college or work

example of care education for the young adult

preventative screenings, education on sexually transmitted disease, diseases, education of the harm in drug and alcohol use

age of middle adult

35-65 years

what are the risk factors for middle adults?

stress, health risk, chronic conditions, complications from diseases

health assessment questions for middle adults

have you experienced any recent weight loss or gain?

have you experienced any fatigue lately?

Do you have trouble, falling asleep or staying asleep?

Do you smoke how many packs per day?

Do you exercise regularly?

expected developmental changes in middle adults

crystallized (an accumulation of knowledge) and fluid intelligence (fast piece, information processing)

Brain functioning/central nervous system slows

expected physical growth/changes in middle adults

noticeable traits such as wrinkles, thinner, hair, and weight gain in the waist.

Muscle strength and bones decreased as well

safety concerns for a middle-aged adult

cancer and cardiovascular disease

what challenges can the nurse expect related to hospitalization of a middle-aged adult?

having a patient manage their stress and healthy habits

examples of care education for the middle adult

educated patient and health habits, regular preventative training, stress, management, and the importance of diet and exercise

risk factors for older adults

many of the factors related to the older adult population from declining mobility/exercise, as well as normal changes from aging.

Some risk factors could be musculoskeletal diseases, increased acceptability to infections, cardiovascular disease, development of cancer, diabetes, and respiratory disease

what are the health assessment questions for older adults?

are you sexually active?

Are you on any medication's?

Have you had a fall within the past six months?

What is your medical history?

Do you smoke?

Do you drink?