APUSH Period 3 Test

French and Indian War

Conflict between British and French forces in North America from 1754 to 1763, part of the Seven Years' War.

Name Explanation

It's named for the British fighting the French and their Native American allies.

Main Cause

Territorial disputes over the Ohio River Valley.

Global Context

This war was the North American part of the larger Seven Years' War, focusing on colonial territories and trade.

Native American Allies

Tribes like the Huron, Ottawa, and Algonquin sided with the French, viewing them as less threatening compared to the British.

British Advantage

The British gained momentum through superior resources and key victories, such as the capture of Quebec.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended the war; France ceded territories to Britain, expanding British claims in North America.

Impact on Native Americans

Many lost land and influence as the British took control, disregarding Native American rights.

Colonial Tensions

Post-war taxes and expansion restrictions led to resentment among American colonists.

Proclamation of 1763

Restricted westward expansion, angering colonists who wanted to settle new lands.

George Washington's Role

In 1753, he was sent to warn the French, which led to conflict.

Ohio River Valley Importance

Viewed as a valuable area for resources and trade.

Albany Congress

1754 meeting to discuss colonial defense and alliances.

Albany Plan of Union

Proposed by Benjamin Franklin to create a united colonial government for defense, though it was not adopted.

French Native American Relations

French generally maintained better relations with tribes than the British.

British Early Struggles

Early defeats due to strong French defenses and resistance from colonists.

Budget Impact

The war increased Britain's debt, influencing King George's policies.

Terms of Peace of Paris

France ceded most of its North American territories to Britain.

Post-War Conflicts

American colonists faced tensions with Native Americans due to westward expansion.

Proclamation Line

Angered colonists, seeing it as an infringement on their rights.

War Cost

War nearly doubled Britain's national debt, prompting new taxes.

‘Taxation without Representation’

Colonists felt unfairly taxed without representation in Parliament.

British Perspective

Believed colonists should help pay for protections and newly gained land.

Salutary Neglect

The pre-war policy of minimal British interference in colonial governance.

Navigation Acts

Trade laws that fueled resentment when enforced later.

Shift in Policy

Britain moved from Salutary Neglect to direct control post-war.

Revenue Measures

New taxes raised colonial tensions, leading to protests.

Colonial Governance

Prior neglect led to feelings of self-sufficiency and resistance against renewed control.

Grenville's Plan

Included strict enforcement of laws and the Quartering Act.

Sugar Act

Tax on luxury goods angered colonists due to trade restrictions.

Stamp Act

First direct tax led to widespread opposition for affecting daily life.

Currency Act

Limited the colonial economy by prohibiting self-issued currency.

Sons of Liberty & Daughters of Liberty

Groups that organized protests against British rule.

Stamp Act Congress

Delegates that petitioned against the Stamp Act while remaining loyal to Britain.

Declaratory Act

Asserted Parliament's authority over the colonies, angering colonists.

Townshend Act

Imposed new taxes that led to widespread boycotts.

Boston Massacre

1770 incident that fueled anti-British sentiments.

Boston Tea Party

Protest against the Tea Act where colonists dumped tea into the harbor.

Coercive Acts

Punitive measures that escalated tensions and led to militias forming.

Intolerable Acts

Caused colonies to organize militias in defense against British tyranny.

Colonial Attitudes

Growing skepticism towards British governance influenced independence desires.

Initial Resistance to Revolution

Colonists sought redress rather than outright independence.

British Responses

Dismissal of colonial grievances intensified feelings of injustice.

John Locke's Influence

Emphasized consent of the governed and natural rights.

Rousseau's Ideas

Promoted the social contract and government accountability.

Montesquieu's Concepts

Advocated separation of powers as a safeguard against tyranny.

Paine's Common Sense

Used Enlightenment arguments to advocate for independence.

Second Continental Congress

Took steps toward independence with the Declaration of Independence.

Jefferson's Declaration

Incorporated Enlightenment ideas of rights and consent of the governed.

Colonial Liberty Threats

Perceived threats to liberty led to a strong resistance to British rule.

Unexpected Victory

American success in the Revolutionary War surprised many due to Britain's strength.

Divided Support

Public opinion was split among Patriots, neutrals, and Loyalists.

Washington's Leadership

Credibility from past service helped unify colonial militias.

Continental Army Challenges

Early losses and morale issues plagued the Army.

General Howe's Impact

Strengthened British control and posed challenges for the Continental Army.

Washington's Strategy

Focused on outlasting the British rather than direct confrontations.

African American Contributions

About 5,000 joined the Patriot cause, helping the war effort.

Battle of Trenton

A surprise victory that boosted morale significantly.

Saratoga's Importance

Secured French support for the Patriot cause.

European Support

France and Spain saw a chance to weaken Britain by helping the colonies.

French Assistance at Yorktown

Vital military support helped lead to British surrender.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Formally recognized the U.S. as independent and expanded its territory.

Social Inequality Concerns

Revolutionary ideals sparked discussions on slavery and equality.

Democratic Changes

Revolution promoted increased democratic involvement in governance.

Women’s Roles

Expanded responsibilities during the war led to new perspectives on women’s rights.

Republican Motherhood

Emphasized women's roles in raising virtuous citizens for the republic.

Global Influence

American Revolution inspired movements for liberty in other nations.

Impact on the French Revolution

Americans’ success motivated French citizens to revolt.

Haitian Revolution Influence

The rebellion led to Haiti gaining independence from French rule.

Latin American Independence

Revolutionary ideals inspired independence movements in Latin America.

Global Perspectives on Liberty

Shifted views on rights and governance worldwide.

Articles of Confederation

First constitution of the U.S., prioritizing state governance.

Government Structure

Created a weak central government focused on the legislature.

Legislative Power Focus

Aimed to avoid too much power in any one person or office.

Northwest Ordinance

Managed westward expansion and addressed land issues.

State Representation Issues

Each state had one vote regardless of size, complicating decisions.

Migration Challenges

The Articles struggled to manage violent conflicts with Native Americans.

Shays' Rebellion Significance

Highlighted weaknesses in the Articles’ lack of authority.

Leader Reactions

Triggered more calls for a stronger government to address issues.

Need for Replacement

Articles proved too weak to effectively govern and respond to crises.

Early Government Attitudes

Reflected distrust of centralized power while showing need for balance.

Constitutional Convention

Held to address failures and create a new constitution.

Virginia vs. New Jersey Plans

Proposed different representation methods for Congress.

Great Compromise

Combined both plans for a bicameral legislature.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Addressed how enslaved people would be counted for representation.

Slavery Decisions

Delayed banning the import of enslaved individuals until 1808.

Election Processes

Established methods for electing representatives and the president.

Ratification Debate

Required nine states' approval, leading to Federalist and Anti-Federalist divisions.

Federalist Support

Advocated for a strong central government with checks and balances.

Anti-Federalist Concerns

Fears over too much federal power and lack of rights protections.

Securing Ratification

Promises to add a Bill of Rights helped gain support.

Federalism Explained

Power split between national and state governments.

Supremacy Clause

Federal laws take precedence over state laws in conflicts.

Enumerated Powers

Specific powers granted to federal government listed in the Constitution.

10th Amendment Role

Ensures states retain powers not assigned to the federal government.

Separation of Powers Structure

Divided government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Checks and Balances Purpose

Prevents any branch from becoming too powerful.

Power Concentration Prevention

Ensures cooperation across government branches.

Washington's Government Role

Established precedents as the first president.

Hamilton's Economic Vision

Promoted a national bank and financial stability.