AP World History Units 1-5 Review Notes

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts from AP World History Units 1-5 Review Notes.

Song China

Maintained and justified its rule through Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy; its economy flourished.

Confucianism

A hierarchical philosophical understanding of the world that was revived during the Song Dynasty.

Imperial Bureaucracy

Appointed officials carrying out the empire's policies, helping to consolidate power and rule.

Civil Service Examination

Led to order, stability, and meritocracy in Song China.

Chan Buddhism

A Chinese innovation melding Buddhism with Daoism and an example of cultural diffusion.

Champa Rice

Introduced from the Champa Kingdom (modern Vietnam), it increased the food supply and supported a larger population in Song China.

Grand Canal

An internal waterway acting as a transportation system, enabling China to become a populous trading center.

Commercialization

The Song economy became highly __.

Delhi Sultanate & Mamluk Sultanate

New Islamic political entities that emerged as the Abbasid Caliphate declined.

Dar al-Islam

A cultural region formed by new Islamic states.

Sufi Movement

A mystical form of Islam that adapted to local forms and cultures, facilitating its spread.

Jizya

Tax paid by Hindus in the Delhi Sultanate.

Vijayanagara Empire

Hindu kingdom in the south of South Asia that was established by two brothers who converted back to Hinduism.

Srivijaya Empire

Hindu empire in Southeast Asia that prospered by taxing ships.

Tenochtitlan

Magnificent Aztec capital city with monumental ziggurats and marketplaces.

Tribute System

A key element in state building in the Aztec Empire, where local governors extracted tribute from conquered peoples.

Great Zimbabwe

African state that prospered due to trade, agriculture, and gold deposits, participating in the Indian Ocean trade network.

Swahili

A blend of Bantu and Arabic, influenced by merchants in Great Zimbabwe.

Ethiopia

Emerged in the 12th century as a Christian kingdom with monumental architecture.

Feudalism

Organized society with a king granting land to lords in exchange for tribute.

Manorial System

Contained the whole village in Europe, where many serfs lived their entire lives without leaving the manor.

Three-Field System

Crops were rotated through three fields, enabling more food to be grown and leading to a population explosion in Europe.

Caravanserai

Inns and guesthouses along the Silk Road that facilitated trade.

Indian Ocean Network

Most significant sea-based trade network until about 1500.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Connected North Africa and the Mediterranean with the interior and West Africa.

Empire of Mali

Empire spurred on and influenced by trade, with Islam introduced in the 9th century; Mansa Musa monopolized trade.

Ibn Battuta

A young Muslim scholar from Morocco who traveled throughout Dar al-Islam and wrote detailed notes.

Bubonic Plague

Spread due to increasing connectivity via trade routes; also known as the Black Death.

The Mongols

Created the largest land-based empire in history, facilitating further interconnection across Afro-Eurasia.

Janissaries

Elite fighters in the Ottoman Empire, often enslaved Christians.

Safavid-Mughal Conflict

Territorial and religious wars fought between the Safavid and Mughal Empires in the 17th century.

Devshirme

Ottomans used the _ system to staff their imperial bureaucracy.

Divine right

Rulers claimed to rule by __ in Europe.

Sikhism

A syncretic blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines that produced new belief systems in South Asia.

Portuguese Caravel

Smaller, nimble, fast ship with decent cargo holds, innovated by the Portuguese.

Dutch Fluyt

Trading ship with a large cargo space, innovated by the Dutch.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of foods, animals, people, and diseases between the New World and the Old World.

Encomienda System

Coercive labor system compelling indigenous people to work plantations in Spanish colonies.

Hacienda System

Paid laborers low wages, but debts remained high, becoming another means of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.

Mita System

Spanish transformed the Inca into a system of coerced labor in dangerous silver mines.

Mercantilism

System motivated by efforts to mine silver and establish colonies to enrich the homeland.

Syncretism

Blending of indigenous religions with Christianity.

Maratha Rebellion

Hindu warriors rebelled against the Mughal Empire, bringing it to an end and replacing it with the Maratha Empire.

Pueblo Revolt

Pueblo and Apache Indians rose up against the Spanish in North America.

Spanish Casta System

A new social hierarchy imposed in the Americas based on ancestry and race, with Spaniards at the top and Africans and indigenous Americans at the bottom.

Enlightenment Beliefs

Rights are given by the creator, not monarchs, and people have the power to govern themselves.

Nationalism

A people's sense of belonging to each other based on common language, religion, social customs, and territory.

Industrial Revolution

A change in how goods were made for sale, from handmade to machine-made.

Adam Smith

Argued that government should be laissez-faire in economic policies.

Tanzimat Reforms

Reforms made in the Ottoman Empire to industrialize and eliminate corruption.

Cultural Ideologies of Imperialism

Belief in the superiority of the white race and European culture.

Social Darwinism

Applying "survival of the fittest" to social and political realities.

The Congo

Initially a private colony of Belgian King Leopold II, later transferred to the Belgian state due to his brutal policies.

Berlin Conference

The European powers carving up Africa with no input from Africans themselves at the __.

Shift from Subsistence to Cash Crop Farming

Farmers growing crops like coffee, rubber, and sugar for export.

Economic Imperialism

One country wielding significant economic power over another without direct political control.

Opium Wars

Britain smuggling opium into China to fix a trade deficit.

Spheres of Influence in China

China carved up into exclusive trading zones for imperial powers like Japan, France, Germany, Russia, and the United States.

Indentured Servitude

Workers agreeing to work for a set number of years to pay for passage.

Mass migrations

Driven by economic needs and harsh conditions.

Ghost Dance

In the United States, a movement where Indigenous groups believed performing the ghost dance would expel white settlers.

Internal factor Causing the Russian Revolution

Economic Lag & Reluctance to expand civil liberties

Spark of WWI

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Total War

Each country leveraged all domestic assets to fight.

Rise of Fascism

Extreme nationalism and grievances

Malaria, Tuberculosis, COVID-19

New and Old Diseases That Posited a Threat In the age of globalization

Causes of World War I

The complex interplay of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.

New Technologies used in World War I

Propaganda, Poison gas, and Machine guns

Take a more prominent role in economies

After World War I and The Great Depression Governments decided to do this after WWII

Causes of World War II

Unsustainable peace agreement of World War I, economic crisis, and the rise of fascist regimes, most notably Nazi Germany.

End of the Cold war

US military development, the Soviet Union's failed invasion of Afghanistan, and the reform policies of Mikhail Gorbachev