Proped del 2 EXAM

gamle credit spørsmål + skriftlige eksamen spørsmål fra 2024 og 2025 OPPDATERT VERSJON

Foreign body tests in reticulum

- pressure on reticulum

- pole test

- pain percussion

- acoustic percussion

- back grip

- zone test

- ferroscopy

- downhill/circling movement

- ultrasonography

In horses we use? (probe)

Nasopharyngeal probe

Abnormal heart rythms are (mcq)

arrythmias: gallop, split sounds, block, extrasystole, fibrillation

infection of cornea (mcq)

keratitis

causes of true (abdominal) colic (write)

diseases of GIT, diseases of urinary system or torsion of uterus

*false colic occurs in uriterica, CNS disorders or severe ectoparasitosis

in cattle we use

esophageal prope or nasopharyngeal probe

(rubber or plastic tube in small ru, pig, dog, nasopharyngeal in horse)

classification of endocardial murmurs (write)

organic:

- systolic and diastolic (divided into quieter deeper, and sharper higher)

inorganic:

- systolic, soft and fluctuating

rectal palpation in horse we feel on the left side (mcq)

dorsally: small colon and fecal balls

ventrally: large colon

left kidney, pelvic flexure

Caudal edge of spleen

examination of deep sensory (mcq)

bending head and neck to side, crossing forelegs, wheelbarrowing, hopping, proprioceptive positioning, extensor postural thrust, placing

Monocytosis is (write)

increase in the number of monocytes

how/why do we examine cattle with tuberculine? (write)

Diagnostic test to detect bovine tuberculosis, by measuring thickness of skin, inject 1ml of tuberculine, wait 48-72 hours, measure skin thickness again, for observing localized allergic reaction.

secondary lesions are (write)

rima cutis, scar, erosion, excoratio, crust, squama, ulcer, furnucle/carbuncle, wart

types of blood flow in veins

undulation, positive and negative pulse

new classification of breath sounds

Tubular: breath sound over nasal cavity, larynx, cervical trachea

Laminar: Breath sound over thorax (bronchial)

infection of tongue is called

glossitis

causes of leukocytosis

leukocytosis: increased number of leukocytes

- caused by infections (e.g. bacterial infections pneumonia, peritonitis, etc.)

- physiological causes include estrus and parturiotion

what are the teat shapes

- cylindrical

- conical

- short

- fleshy

- bottle

- pencil

- collapsed

pH of blood

7.3-7.4

what does external inspection consist of?

posture, behaviour, nutritional state, external orifices, outer body surfaces

GIT puncture fluid types

Content of: stomach, large intestine of horse, abomasaum, rumen, intestine

what kind of allergic reaction occurs during tuberculin test

type 4 hypersensitivity

types of paralysis

central (cerebral, spinal), peripheral (spastic, flaccid), monoplegia, hemiplegia, paraplegia, tetraplegia

name of underdeveloped lungs in calves

asphyxia

stages of fever

stadium incrementi (rising phase), stadium fastigii (peak), stadium decrementi (decline phase), defervescence (final return to normal temp.)

Stages of skin examination

Color, integrity, elasticity, odor, temperature, moisture, changes in size, pruritus, efflorescence, parasites, ringworm.

what are the primary skin lesions

Macule, papule, vesicle, wheal (urticaria), pustule, abscess

steps for lymph node examination

1. size

2. shape

3. symmetry

4. tenderness

5. consistency

6. surface

7. structure

8. adhesion to tissues

9. temperature

what is cause of positive venostasis

tricuspid valve leakage

what can you visualize on left side of horse?

- heart: 3-5 ICS

- small colon: dorsally

- flexura pelvina of large colon: ventrally

- lungfield: 16-11 ICS to olecranon

steps for examination of upper respiratory in horse

1. breath from nostrils

2. muzzle

3. nostrils

4. nasal mucosa

5. nasal and paranasal cavity

6. guttoral pouch

7. pharynx and larynx

8. trachea

9. coughing

(choose answer with guttoral pouch)

localization of liver in small ruminants

right side 11th-12th ICS, may extend beyond costal arch

abnormal pathological breath sounds

- crackles

- wheezes

what is positive venous pulse

when compressing the veins with a finge, and blood accumulates above and below finger

in which intercostal space do we examine heart in cattle?

3rd-4th ICS

what is FIRDA

frequency

intensity

rythm

demarcation

abnormal sounds (heart murmur)

describe P wave of ECG

depolarization of atria

describe T wave of ECG

repolarization of ventricle

describe QRS complex of ECG

depolarization of ventricle

write basic examination methods

- inspection

- palpation

- percussion

- auscultation

write special clinical examination methods

- ECG

- sonography

- X-ray

- MRI

- endoscopy

- biopsy

What is history?

anamnesis: information about patient (from owner) about duration and nature of illness, previous illness and treatments, nutritional information, vaccinations, etc.

reference range of breathing rate in cattle

10-30/min

we usually examine pulse rate of dog on

femoral artery

write places of examination of skin elasticity

- skin of neck

- skin of thorax (cattle)

- skin of upper eyelid (sheep)

which lymph nodes do we examine in goats

- prescapular

- prefemoral

- mammary/scrotal

what lymph nodes do we examibne in cattle

- submandibular

- parotid

- retropharyngealis lateralis

- prescapular

- mammary/scrotal

what lymph nodes do we examine in horse

- submandibular

- mammary/scrotal

what lymph nodes do we examine in dogs

- submandibular

- popliteal

- scrotal

write two breeds of brachiocephalic dogs

bulldog, pug

general status includes

- behaviour

- posture

- nutritional state

reference range of temp in sheep is

38.5-40 degrees celsius

we examine pulse rate of horse on

facial artery

write two breeds of doliocephalic dogs

- greyhounds

- dachshunds

what is eupnoe and write ratio between inspiration and expiration in cattle

normal, healthy breathing, ratio: 1:1.2

ratio between inspiraton and expiration in various animals

1:1.8 horse

1:1.7 goat

1:1.6 dog

1:1.2 cattle

1:1.1 sheep, pig

reference range of breathing in horse

8-16/min

what is dyspnoe and write types of dyspnoe

difficult breathing - tachypnoea (accelerated), bradypnoea (slowed)

in which intercostal space do we examine heart in dogs

4th-6th ICS

what is the caudal border of lungfield in dogs

11th-9th ICS to olecranon

signalment includes

1. name

2. age category

3. breed

4. color

5. age

6. weight

7. ID

8. owner

whrange of normal CRT

1-2 sec

which basic types of consistency do we know

hard, elastic, doughy (+ emphysematous/crackling, fluctuating)

which parameters of breathing do we examine

rate, rhythm, type, depth, symmetry of thoracic wall, dyspnea

examination of eyes includes

1. eyeball

2. palpebral fissure

3. eyelids

4. conjuctive

5. nictating membrane

6. sclera

7. cornea

8. iris

9. lens

10. testing eye function, corneal reflex, pupillary reflex

temperature range in dogs

Large: 37.5-38.5, small: 38.5-39.5

pulse rate in dogs

large: 70-90 bpm, small: 80-100 bpm

pulse rate horse

32-40 bpm

pulse rate cattle

50-70 bpm

pulse rate sheep

70-80 bpm

percussion of kidney is usually performed in

cattle

what is CMT, describe

California Mastitis Test

1 ml milk, 1 ml test solution, mix in 4 chambered plate. Positive test shows coagulation/gelification and color change

which organ can examine by rectal examination in horse

large intestine

which shapes of udder do you know in dairy cows

key shape, round, abdominal, stepped, large, caudal, primitive, goat-like

which signs of udder do we examine in cow by inspection

behaviour of animal, floor under udder, soiling, dribbling of secrete (milk, blood, pus), shape, size, symmetry, skin, teats

which types of icterus do you know

- hemolytic

- hepatic

- obstructive

basic signs of a normal vitality in calves are

suckling reflexes within 1st hour, 1st defecation until 6-8 hours, standing up until 1st hour and walking

which motor disturbances do you know

nystagmus, tremor, ataxia, forced movements, paralysis, spasms

basic deviations of consciousness are

depression and excitation

increased conc. of urea in blood is due to

high dietary nitrogen, excessive proteolysis, renal diseases, severe dehydration

dog-sitting in horses is caused by

acute gastric distention

cause of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in urine is

drink antifreeze

topography of kidneys in horse is

right side: last three ribs - 1st lumbar vertebrae

left side: loosely fixed - more variable position from 3rd lumbar vertebrae

what cause is responsible for renal proteinuria

pathological damage to glomerulus

during limb movement we examine

Gait (range, direction, rate, force)

topography of kidney in dog is

right side: first three lumbar vertebrae

left side: loosely fixed, depends on fullness of stomach (3-5 lumbar)

which postural reactions do we examine in dogs

- extensor postural thrust

- hopping

- wheelbarrowing

- proprioceptive positioning reaction

- placing

what is glucosuria

presence of glucose in the urine due to tubular reabsorption inability

what abnormal content could you find in milk by inspection

Sandy content (calcium), flakes: pus, fibrin, blood clots, caseine, blood

What is cystocentesis?

urine collection from urinary bladder by puncture of needle through abdominal wall

which disorders of umbilicus can we detect in young animals

- urachitis

- omphalitis

- omphaloarteritis

- omplhalophlebitis

- hernia

What is paresis?

partial or incomplete paralysis

What is poikilocytosis?

variation in RBC shape

which allergic tests do you use to detect glanders in horses

opthalmic test

what is neutrophilia left shift

increase in number of immature (band) neutrophils

what is the pH of urine in carnivores

depends on diet

where is place of biopsy of liver in horses

12th-14th ICS

term for increased frequency or urination

pollakiuria

methods of urine collection in horse

- spontanous urination (free catch)

- induced urination (free catch)

- catheterization

which signs of bones do we examine

shape, contor, consistency, sensitivity, presence of crepitation

What is excitation? and describe typical symptoms

Deviation from normal consciousness where there are exaggerated reactions to external stimuli. Symptoms: Restlessness, Fear, Anxiety, Increased tendency to escape, Aggression, Twitching of ears, eyes, tail, Vocal expressions, Spasms, injure itself