Bio 3 Metabolism and Cycles

Bacilli

Shaped like a rod, club shaped bacteria

Cocci

Round shaped bacteria

Gram Positive

Bacteria that has a thicker cell wall. Thick peptidoglycan wall and lack outer membrane

Gram Negative bacteria

Has thinner peptidoglycan wall but has outer membrane.

Gram staining protocol

Application of crystal violet, then iodine, alcohol wash, than safranin.

What does crystal violet do?

Stains all cells purple.

What does the iodine do in gram staining?

It traps the dye in gram positive cells

What does the Alcohol wash do?

It detains gram negative cells

What does the Safranin do?

Stains all cell pink, but the dark purple masks pink, so only gram negative cells look pink.

cells are?

water and chemical reactions. Constantly reacting

What is Metabolism?

The complex chemical reactions within a cell. How cell break down and make molecules.

How many percentage of a cell are made of water?

70%

what is the key sources of nitrogen?

Protein

What are the 4 categories of organic molecules?

Proteins, carbohydrates, nuclei acid, lipids

The elements of organic life?

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur.

What is the role of proteins in a cell?

They are the worker molecules of a cell.

Like enzymes who can break down stuff.

What is the role of carbohydrates in a cell?

The structure and energy source(storage) of the cell. They’re sugar and starches.

What is the role of Nucleic Acid in cells?

The DNA and RNA. Information storage and access.

What is the roles of lipids in cells?

Make up cell membranes and energy storage.

What is the most abundant macromolecule in cells?

Proteins

What can cells do in terms of biochemical and metabolism?

They can take in one type of molecule and rearrange the atoms to build what it needs.

What is the key factor that determines what nutrients a cell eats?

Enzymes.

What determines which enzymes a cell can make?

It’s Genes

What does DNA agar tests for?

Ability to break down DNA into molecules

What does gelatin agar tests for?

Ability to break down proteins into amino acids

What does spirit blue agar tests for?

Ability to break down lipids into fatty acids

What does starch agar tests for?

Ability to break down starch into sugars.

What is the Central Dogma?

describes the fundamental flow of genetic information within a biological system

What are the specifics of central dogma?

1.) DNA (Just an information storage.) “Cookbook”

Transcription: process where information contained in a segment of DNA (a gene) is copied into an RNA molecule. “Pick out the recipe you want”

2.) mRNA (The messenger) “recipe”

Translation: genetic information carried by the mRNA molecule is used to synthesize a protein. Ribosomes do the translation of nucleotides to amino acids to make proteins.

3.) Proteins (active cell machinery) “cookie”

Enzymes are crucial because?

They have to ability to regulate life and when chem reactions happen. They have very specific roles and functions. Also enzymes break down stuff.

Anabolic Reactions

Building molecules. Taking smaller molecules and building them to bigger molecules. Reaction that require energy.

Catabolic Reactions

Breaking down molecules. Reactions that yield energy.

The monomer of carbohydrates are

Sugars

the monomers of proteins are

Amino acids

The monomers of fats are

Fatty acids

The monomer of nucleic acids are

Nucleotides

How do microbes eat?

They spit enzymes out into their world. These enzymes then break down the polymers and then they eat the monomers.

Describe the carbon cycle

Carbon cycle has a big reserve of carbon found in atmosphere. Then it is used in photosynthesis (used in creation of sugar or energy). Then the animals eat it etc.

Fermentation is

A series of catabolic reactions that breaks down sugar to yield energy for cells. There are many different types of fermentation and depends on starting molecule.

Does fermentation require oxygen to occur?

No

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

convert nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into forms of nitrogen that plants can use, such as ammonium

The nitrogen cycle

1.) production of ammonium by nitrogen fixing bacteria. Taking the nitrogen gas from the air.

2.) Nitrification. done by nitrifying bacteria. Takes ammonium and break it down into nitrites and nitrates.

3.) Denitrifying. Denitrifying bacteria releases the nitrogen back into the atmosphere.

The reagents A and B tests for

Nitrite. Liquid will turn pink

The zinc powder tests for?

Nitrate. Liquid will turn pink

What color is gram positive

Purple

What color is gram negative

Pink

Why does gram positive stay purple

Because it has thicker cell wall. The crystal violet gets absorbed, the Alchol wash it away. Then safranin is added but purple is darker so it stays.