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Twine Binder
Bound grain in bundles and deposited it in stacks; sold by McCormick Company.
Steam Tractors, Gasoline Tractors, Diesel Tractors
Improved farming efficiency.
Crop Rotation
Planting different crops yearly to maintain soil health.
Contour Plowing
Plowing along the curves of a hill to prevent erosion.
Luther Burbank
Developed the Burbank potato.
Mark Carleton
Introduced wheat importation to the U.S.
Department of Agriculture
U.S. government agency overseeing agriculture.
Hatch Act
Provided funds for agricultural colleges.
Smith-Lever Act
Established the cooperative extension service.
Future Farmers of America (FFA)
Trained boys in agriculture.
Future Homemakers of America (FHA)
Female counterpart to FFA.
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone in 1876.
Bell Telephone Company
First telephone company.
Thomas Edison
Invented the incandescent light bulb.
Nikola Tesla
Developed alternating current and the Tesla Coil.
Bessemer Process
Henry Bessemer's steel production method.
Open Hearth Method
A slower but more precise steel production technique.
Andrew Carnegie
Steel industry leader; founded U.S. Steel Corporation.
J.P. Morgan
Bought U.S. Steel Corporation.
Edwin Drake
Drilled the first U.S. oil well.
John D. Rockefeller
Founded Standard Oil Company.
Capitalism
Economic system where individuals control production.
Corporation
Business owned by stockholders with limited liability.
Stock
Ownership shares in a corporation.
Stockholder
An investor who owns shares in a corporation.
Monopoly
A company dominating an industry.
Adam Smith
Wrote Wealth of Nations, advocating for capitalism.
Cooperatives
Businesses that share profits among members.
Inflation
Decline in the value of money.
Greenbacks
Paper money not backed by gold or silver.
Greenback Labor Party
Supported increasing paper money circulation.
Free Silver Movement
Advocated for the unlimited coinage of silver.
Bland-Allison Act
Required the U.S. government to buy and coin silver.
Interstate Commerce Act
Regulated railroad pricing and rebates.
Interstate Commerce Commission
Enforced the Interstate Commerce Act.
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Outlawed monopolies restricting trade.
McKinley Tariff
Protective tariff for American industries.
Chinese Immigration Act
Barred Chinese laborers from immigrating for 10 years.
Pacific Garden Mission
Chicago-based outreach for homeless individuals.
Haymarket Square Riot
Violent labor protest against monopolies.
Farmers' Alliance
Evolved into the Populist Party.
Populist Party
Advocated for free silver, income tax, and government control of industries.
Coxey's Army
Unemployed men marching to Washington for economic reform.
Pullman Strike
Major railroad strike; led to government intervention.
Eugene V. Debs
Union leader jailed for refusing to end the Pullman Strike.
Omnibus, Elevated Railroad, Cable Car, Subway, Electric Trolley Car
Urban transportation innovations.
Brooklyn Bridge
Built by John Roebling, completed by Washington Roebling and Emily Warren.
Great Chicago Fire
Devastated one of the fastest-growing U.S. cities.
Hull House
Founded by Jane Addams to help immigrants.
Wyoming
First state to grant women voting rights.
Elizabeth Blackwell
First woman to receive a U.S. medical degree.
Christopher Latham Sholes
Perfected the typewriter.
General Stores
Rural centers for goods and socialization.
Churches
Key institutions in rural communities.
Baseball
Known as the national pastime.
Basketball
Invented by James Naismith.
Football
A favorite college sport.
Boxing
Refined by James 'Gentleman Jim' Corbett.
P.T. Barnum
Created 'The Greatest Show on Earth' traveling circus.
Bicycling
A major exercise craze in the 1890s.
Montgomery Ward, Sears & Roebuck
Pioneered mail-order catalogs.
Morrill Act
Provided land for public colleges.
Chautauqua Movement
Promoted adult education.
Francis Bellamy
Wrote the Pledge of Allegiance.
Temperance Movement
Fought against alcohol consumption.
National Prohibition Party
Advocated for banning alcohol.
WCTU (Woman's Christian Temperance Union)
Led by Frances Willard.
Joseph Pulitzer
Newspaper publisher; namesake of the Pulitzer Prize.
William Randolph Hearst
Leading newspaper publisher.
Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)
Wrote Huckleberry Finn.
Lewis Wallace
Wrote Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ.
Jack London
Prominent naturalist writer.
Sidney Lanier
Famous Southern poet.
Emily Dickinson
Wrote 2,000 poems, published posthumously.
Thomas Nast
"Father of the American Cartoon."
Stick Style, Shingle Style
Popular American architectural styles.
Louis Sullivan
"Father of the Modern Skyscraper"; created "form follows function" principle.
City Beautiful Movement
Encouraged urban beautification.
Frederic Remington
Famous Western artist.
Currier & Ives
Created prints of American life.
Ulysses S. Grant
Won the 1868 election; backed the gold standard.
Rutherford B. Hayes
Won the disputed 1876 election; promoted civil service reform.
James A. Garfield
Assassinated; sought to limit political corruption.
Chester A. Arthur
Passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act.
Grover Cleveland
First Democratic president post-Civil War; served two nonconsecutive terms.
Benjamin Harrison
Passed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
William McKinley
Won against William Jennings Bryan; established the Gold Standard Act; assassinated.