BIOL176 help

What do gecko adhesives rely on?

ansiotropic attachment, low detachment force, non-sticky default state, high pull off to preload ratio, self cleaning, anti-self matting, and material independence.

What does Froude number relate

ratio of kinetic to potential energy

What is a froude number from walk to trot and trot to gallop

0.3-0.5, 2-3

What are the CNS contributions to muscle fatigue

Discharge frequency, inhibition of motor neurons, cognitive aspect, mental tiredness, adenosine

What are the PNS contributions to muscle fatigue

lactic acid, sarcomere damage, glycogen depletion, acetylcholine depletion, increase extracellular K+, increased inorganic phosphate

Tradeoff in muscle

speed vs force

Tradeoff in joints?

stability vs EMA

What are the different mechanisms for adhesion

hooks, lock/snap, clamp, suction, adhesive secretons, friction

What happens with cardiac output and age?

HR decreases, myocardial contractility decreases, stroke volume increases

What does cardiac output cause in the organs

vasoconstriction

What does athletic heart syndrome entail?

enlarged ventricle, increased stroke volume, lower heart rate

What causes injury during muscle fatigue?

cyclic loading desensitizes mechanoreceptors that decreases muscular activity and causes instability

What does adenosine do

reduces arousal and inhibits excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain

How do migrating birds avoid fatigue?

decreased mass, high fat stores, increased aerobic capacity of flight muscles

What is tendon creep

errors in muscle activation due to altered firing sensory neurons

Safety factor

ratio of max ability to resist mechanical stress to stress likely to experience over a lifetime

What is the safety factor of bones

1.4 o 4.1

Ca role in cross bridge

release troponin

What does ATP bind to and why

myosin to release from actin

Rattlesnake tails trade off

superfast muscles with mitochondria and SR but not lot of contractile elements so can’t generate force

What would you use to quantify in vivio muscle force

tendon buckle

What would you use to quantify in vivo activation

electromyography

what would you use to measure muscle length change in vivo

sonomicrometry

What are the types of drag

pressure (inertial), friction (viscous)

What is reynolds number

ratio of inertial to viscous

High/low for reynolds number for laminar flow

low

What are the 4 categories of aquatic locomotor propulsion?

body/caudal fin periodic propulsion, body/caudal fin transient propulsion, median and paired fin propulsion, occasional

What does discharge frequency of signal motor nuerons do?

CNS protecting muscle from injury

What does the inhibition of motorneurons due to input from muscle

afferents from muscle provide mechanical and metabolic information to CNS

What does the cognitive aspect of CNS fatigue do?

person deciding to stop exercising

What does adenosine do?

reduces arousal and inhibits excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain

What has cyclically repeating kinematics, hihg power, small linear and angular accelerations and can be sustained for weeks

Body/caudal fin periodic propulsion

What is brief non cyclic kinematics, high power and is used in fast starts

body/caudal fin transiet propulsion

low power variable kinematics, for precise maneuvering

median and paired fin propulsion