Anatomy Practical 1

innervation and action of lateral rectus

abducens (VI); turn eye laterally

innervation and action of medial rectus

oculomotor (III); turn eye medially

innervation and action of superior rectus

oculomotor (III); turn eye superiorly

innervation and action of inferior rectus

oculomotor (III); turn eye inferiorly

innervation and action of inferior oblique

oculomotor (III); turn eye superiorly and laterally

innervation and action of superior oblique

trochlear (IV); turn eye inferiorly and laterally

fibrous tunic

composed of sclera and cornea

vascular tunic

composed of iris, ciliary body, and choroid

retina

composed of pigmented and neural layer

blind spot visual test

-blind spot is due to absence of photoreceptors

-use of green bar with red dot and experience visual filling

near point of accomodation

-how close an object can be and still see it

-hold a paper at arms length, close one eye, and ove toward until blurry or you see 2 objects

-based on elasticity of lens

visual acuity (snellen test)

-read eye wall chart with one eye; smallest line with no errors is visual acuity

astigmatism

-due to cornea having irregular curvature

-hold astigmatism chart 20ft away and stare at center to see if any of the parallel lines are blurry

color blindness

-occurs to cone sensitivity

-use vision test kit of Ishihara color charts

depth perception

tested by trying to hold two pencils in line with eachother with one eye closed or placing pencil in test tube

photo pupillary reflex

in the dark pupils get larger; in the light pupils get smaller

accomodation

focus on object at different distances

convergence

eyes point inward to focus on near object

myopia

nearsighted

hyperopia

farsightedness due to shape of eye

presbyopia

farsightedness due to loss of elasticity in the lens

chemoreceptor

chemical receptor that responses to chemicals in aqueous solution

5 types of taste receptors

salt, sour, bitter, sweet, umami

organ of smell and location

olfactory epithelium; covers superior nasal concha and involves cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

olfactory receptor cells

bipolar neurons that have cilia

gustatory cell

receptor of taste found in taste buds, tongue, pharynx, palate

4 types of papillae

filiform (NO taste cells), fungiform, foliate, vallate

foliate papillae histology

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

olfactory discrimination

vials of spice

olfactory adaptation

vials of oils

otoscope

used to asses condition of external auditory ear canal, tympanic membrane, and middle ear

cochlea

organ of hearing

organ of corti

organ of hearing

crista ampullaris

organ of equilibrium

Hearing Acuity Test

-how well someone can hear sounds at different pitches and volumes

-use audiometer but tuning fork in lab

sound localization

sit with eyes closed and have partner strike tuning fork around head and determine where sound was

weber test (hearing)

-used to test for conductive deafness to tympanic membrane

-place tuning fork on head and see if the sound is louder in one ear

Rinne test (hearing)

-used to test for conductive deafness to tympanic membrane or ossicles

-place tuning fork on mastoid process until sound disappears; sound reappears when move off mastoid

-sound travels better through air compared to bone

bing test (hearing)

-tuning fork on mastoid process and close auditory canal

-positive: sound better with ear closed = normal/sensorineural hearing loss

-negative: no change in sound = conductive hearing loss

postural reflex

test balance and negative feedback mechanism

barany test (equilibrium)

-used to asses function of vestibular system

-spin in chair and observe eyes move in opposite direction of movement

-nystagmus: twitching of eyes due to endolymph flowing in semicircular ducts

romberg test (equilibrium)

-used to determine integrity of dorsal white column of spinal cord

-have pt stand feet together, eyes closed, and arms out for allotted period of time

vertigo

the sensation of dizziness

what are the 9 endocrine glands

thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary, adrenal, thymus, pineal, ovaries, testes

what hormones are released by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

what is the target of oxytocin

uterus and mammary gland

what is the target of antidiuretic hormone

kidney

what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and what are their targets

growth hormone --> muscle, bone, adipose tissue, liver

thyroid stimulating hormone --> thyroid

adrenocorticotropic hormone --> adrenal cortex

follicle stimulating hormone --> ovaries and testes

luteinizing hormone --ovaries and testes

prolactin --> mammary glands

what hormones are released by the thyroid gland

thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and calcitonin

what are the target/effect of TH, T3 and T4

target most cells; sets basal metabolic rate, thermoregulation, growth and development, synergist of sympathetic nervous system

what is the target of calcitonin

bone

what hormones are released by the thymus

thymosin, thymopoeitin

what is the target/effect of thymosin and thymopoeitin

direct maturation and specialization of T cells

what hormone is released by the parathyroid gland

parathyroid hormone

what is the target of the parathyroid hormone

bone, kidney, intestines

what hormones are released from the adrenal cortex and what do they target

aldosterone --> kidney

cortisol --> liver, muscle, adipose, white blood cells

what hormones are released from the adrenal medulla and what do they target

epinephrine and norepinephrine --> many cell types; increase rate and force of heart contractions, dilate bronchioles, increase metabolic rate, dilate pupils, constrict blood vessels to digestive, urinary organ, and skin

what hormones are secreted by the pancreas and what do they target

glucagon --> liver

insulin --> muscle, fat

what hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and what does it target

melatonin --> brain

what hormone is secreted by the testes and what does it target

testosterone --> bone, muscles, testes; secondary sex characteristics

what hormones are secreted by the ovaries and what do they target

estrogen --> uterus; secondary sex characteristics

progesterone --> uterus

what parts of the heart are O2 rich

left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary veins, aorta

what parts of the heart are O2 poor

right atrium, right ventricle, superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries

pathway of blood through the heart

superior and inferior vena cavae --> right atrium --> right atrioventricular (tricupsid) valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left atrioventricular (bicupsid) valve -->left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> systemic circulation

pathway of conduction in heart

1. SA node

2. atrial myocardium

3. AV node

4. atrioventricular bundle

5. ventricular myocardium

what does the P wave represent

atrium depolarization

what does the QRS wave represent

ventricular depolarization and contraction while atrium is repolarizing

what does the T wave represent

ventricular repolarization

normal heart rate

60-100 bpm

bradycardia

slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

tachychardia

heart rate > 100 bpm

fibrilation

a rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle (100-200bpm)

myocardial infarction

heart attack

projection pathway of smell from the olfactory receptors to the temporal lobes of brain

olfactory receptors —→ olfactory nerves ——> primary olfactory cortex and other regions in temporal lobe

what structures are involved in taking the sense of taste from buds to brain

facial and glossoparyngeal nerve

sclera

choroid

retina

suspensory ligament

a fibrous connective tissue structure that supports and suspends an organ or body part

What is the consensual reflex of the pupil?

The consensual reflex is the decreased diameter of one pupil when the other pupil is
exposed to an increase in light.

What gland produces tears?

lacrimal gland

11. What part of the inner ear is involved in conducting signals of static equilibrium?

vestibule

what is the name of the canal that runs from the auricle to the tympanic membrane?

auditory canal

19. Name all the parts of the inner ear.

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular ducts