Radiation Pathology P1 examination (chapter 1)

Pathology

Is the study of disease.

Disease

Is any abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury.

Pathogenesis

Occurs after injury.

Pathogenesis

Refers to the sequence of event producing cellular changes that ultimately lead to observable changes called manifestation.

Manifestation

May be displayed in a variety of fashions.

Symptom

Refers to the patient’s perception of the disease. It is subjective, and only the patient can identify these manifestations.

Sign

Is an objective manifestation that is detected by the Physician during examination.

Syndrome

A group of signs and symptoms that characterizes a specific abnormal disturbance.

Asymptomatic

Term use when some disease processes, especially in the early stages, do not produce symptoms.

Etiology

Is the study of the cause of disease.

Viruses, bacteria, trauma, heat, chemical agents, and poor nutrition

Common agents that cause diseases.

Proper infection control.

Practices that are important in a health care environment to prevent hospital-acquired nosocomial disease.

Staphylococcal infection

is an example of nosocomial disease that acquired from the environment.

Iatrogenic reactions

Are adverse responses to medical treatment itself.

Idiopathic

A term use for a disease that has no causative factor can be identified.

Acute diseases

A type of disease that actually have a quick onset and last for a short period.

Chronic diseases

A type of disease that manifest more slowly and last for a very long time.

Pneumonia

Is an example of an acute disease.

Multiple sclerosis

Is an example of chronic disease.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Two additional terms refer to the identification and outcome of the disease.

Diagnosis

Is the identification of the disease an individual believed to have.

Prognosis

Is the predicted course and outcome of the disease.

Morphology

Is the structure of the cells or tissue.

Destructive

What do you call to a disease process if the normal density of a tissue is decreasing.

Subtractive, lytic, and destructive

3 classification of disease processes that require a decrease in the exposure technique?

Additive or Sclerotic disease process

A disease process with an increase in the normal density of a tissue, resulting in a higher anatomic number or increased compactness of cells. This disease process requires an increase in the exposure technique.

Epidemiology

Is the investigation of the disease in large groups

Prevalence

Refers to the number of cases found in a given population.

Incidence

Refers to the number of new cases found in a given period.

Endemic

Diseases of high prevalence in an area where given causative organism is commonly found are said to be?

Mortality rate

The average number of deaths caused by a particular disease in a population.

Morbidity rate

The incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal daily routine.

Physical maps

Are used to determine the physical location of a particular gene on a specific chromosome.

Genetic mapping

Are used to assign the distance between the genetic marker, that is, mapping or linking DNA fragments, to a specific chromosome.

Hap Map

Haplotype mapping is often referred to as?

Haplotype

It comprises closely linked SNPs on a single chromosome, and it is very important resource in identifying specific DNA sequences affecting disease, response to pharmaceuticals, and response to environmental factors.

Atrophy

Is the generalized decrease in cells size.

Hypertrophy

Is the generalized increase in cells size.

Hyperplasia

Is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue as a result of excessive proliferation.

Metaplasia

Is the conversion of one cell type into another cell type that is not normal for that tissue.

Dysplasia

Refers to the abnormal changes of mature cells.

Anaplasia

Absence of tumor cells differentiations, loss of cellular organization

Dysplasia

It is also termed atypical hyperplasia.

Metaplasia

Abnormal transformation of a specific differentiated cell into a differentiated cell of another type.

Congenital

Are diseases present at birth and resulting from genetic or environmental factors.

2% or 3%

Estimated percent of all infants born alive which have one or more congenital abnormalities.

Down syndrome

Is a congenital condition caused by an error in autosomal mitosis that leads to an extra twenty-first chromosome, so that affected individual has 47 chromosomes rather than normal 46.

Hereditary Diseases

Are caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either a parent to a child through abnormalities of individual gene in chromosome and are derived from ancestors.

Hemophilia

Is a well-known hereditary disease which proper clotting is absent.

Dominant

Is transmitted by a single gene from either parent.

Recessive

It is transmitted by both parents to an offspring.

Amniocentesis

A standard procedure typically guided by a sonography, is used prenatally to assess the presence of certain hereditary disorders.

Congenital defect

It is not necessarily hereditary because it may have been acquired in utero.

Inflammatory disease

Result from a body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent.

Infective, toxic and allergic disease

Some types of inflammatory disease.

Infective disease

Results from invasion by microorganism such as viruses, bacteria or fungi.

Viruses

It consists of a protein coat surrounding a genome of either ribonucleic acid (RNA) or DNA, without an organized cell structure.

Viruses

Are classified by the type of viral genome and are capable of replicating outside of a living cell.

Bacteria

Are unicellular organisms that lack an organized nucleus.

Bacteria

They tend to colonize on environmental surfaces and are extremely adaptable, which allows them to become a resistant to antibiotics over time.

Fungi

are microorganisms that can form complex structures containing organelles and may grow as molds or yeast.

Pneumonia

Is a type of inflammatory disease that result from a viral, bacteria, or fungal infection.

Toxic

Are caused by poisoning of biologic substances, and allergic diseases are an overreaction of the body’s own defenses.

Infection

Refers to tan inflammatory process caused by a disease-causing organism.

Virulence

Refers to the ease with which an organism can overcome body defenses.

Autoantibodies

Form against and injure the patient’s own tissue.

Autoimmune disorder

Termed for a diseases associated with autoantibodies.

Degenerative

Diseases that are caused by deterioration of the body.

Metabolism

Is the sum of physical and chemical processes in the body.

Metabolism

Diseases caused by a disturbance of a normal physiologic function of the body is classified as?

Traumatic disease

Diseases that may result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting a body part.

Wound

Injury of soft parts associated with rupture of the skin.

Bruise or a contusion

Bleeding into the tissue spaces as a result of capillary rupture is known as?

Diuretics

Substance that promotes the excretion of salt and water.

Homeostasis

The body’s normal internal resting state.

Neoplastic

Disease that results in new, abnormal tissue growth.

Proliferation

Refers to cell division.

Differentiation

Refers to the process of cellular specialization.

Benign neoplasm

Is compose of well-differentiated cells with uncontrolled growth.

Malignant neoplasm

Exhibits the loss of control both cell proliferation and cell differentiation, which changes its functional capbilities.

Metastasis

Term used for the spread of malignant cancer cells resulting in a secondary tumor distant from the primary lesion.

Metastatic spread

May occur in a variety of ways. If the cancerous invade the circulatory system, they may spread via blood vessels, and this process termed hematogenous spread.

Lymphatic spread

Term used that spread via lymphatic system.

Sentinel node

Termed for lymph node into which the primary neoplasm drains.

Invasion

Term used if the cancerous cells spread by virtue of the proximity of the areas.

Seeding

Term used if the cancerous cells travel to a distant site or distant organ system.

Lesion

Term used to describe the many types of cellular change that may occur in response to disease.

Cancer

Is a general term often used to denote various types of malignant neoplasms.

Carcinoma

Is one type of cancer and is derived from epithelial tissue.

Sarcoma

Arises from connective tissue.

Leukemia

Arises from blood cells.

Lymphoma

Arises from lymphatic cells.