BIOL 320 Lab 6 - Respiratory Air Flow and Volume

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs to constantly refresh gases in the lungs

external respiration

exchange of gases between lungs and blood (CO2 out, O2 in)

internal respiration

exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body (CO2 into blood, O2 into tissues)

upper respiratory system

nose to larynx

lower respiratory system

trachea, bronchi, lungs

Where are olfactory receptors located?

roof (superior portion) of nasal cavity

What type of epithelium is in the nasal cavity?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and seromucous nasal glands

What is the purpose of the nasal conchae?

- increase surface area

- create turbulence to deflect non-gaseous particles

What is the purpose of the pharyngotympanic tubes?

connect middle ear to nasopharynx to equalize pressure for sound conduction and hearing

What type of epithelium is in the oropharynx/laryngopharynx?

stratified squamous epithelium

respiratory zone

the sites where external respiration (gas exchange) occurs (alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles)

conducting zone

all the tubes transporting air from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles (trachea, bronchi)

glottis

vocal folds + opening between

What type of epithelium is in the larynx and trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What are the 4 lung volumes?

1. tidal volume

2. inspiratory reserve volume

3. expiratory reserve volume

4. residual volume

What are the 5 lung capacities?

1. inspiratory capacity

2. expiratory capacity

3. vital capacity

4. functional residual capacity

5. total lung capacity

inspiratory capacity

TV + IRV

expiratory capacity

TV + ERV

vital capacity

IRV + TV + ERV

functional residual capacity

ERV + RV

total lung capacity

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Where does cartilage stop in the respiratory system?

bronchioles and alveoli

Does the larynx have smooth muscle?

NO

Valsalva maneuver

forceful exhalation against a closed glottis, which increases intrathoracic pressure and decreases venous return to the heart

What 4 things happen in inspiration?

- decreased thoracic pressure

- increased venous return

- decreased vagal tone

- increase heart rate

What 4 things happen during expiration?

- increased thoracic pressure

- decrease venous return

- increased vagal tone (more pressure)

- decrease HR

What type of epithelium is in the alveolar walls?

simple squamous (type I alveolar cells)

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the air?

O2 - 160 mmHg

CO2 - 0.3 mmHg

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli?

O2 - 104 mmHg

CO2 - 40 mmHg

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the blood?

O2 - 40 mmHg

CO2 - 45 mmHg

What gas has the highest partial pressure in the respiratory system?

nitrogen

ventilation-perfusion coupling

matching of alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion

What structures are in the mediastinum?

heart, great vessels, bronchi, esophagus, etc.

pneumonia

inflammation of the alveoli in the lung

pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura

pleural effusion

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

The pulmonary circuit is ___ pressure and ___ volume.

low, high

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

enzyme secreted by the lungs that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

What effect does angiotensin II have?

- stimulates secretion of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa

- stimulates arterioles to constrict

transpulmonary pressure

difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

atelectasis

collapsed lung (intrapleural pressure > intrapulmonary pressure)

When is the respiratory system sufficiently developed?

at 28 weeks of gestation

lung compliance

stretchiness of the lung

What is a normal FEV1?

80% of FVC

How much of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin?

98.5%

What are the 3 respiratory centers?

1. ventral respiratory group (medulla oblongata)

2. dorsal respiratory group (medulla oblongata)

3. pontine respiratory group (pons)

ventral respiratory group

primary generator of the respiratory rhythm

dorsal respiratory group

integrates peripheral sensory input (stretch receptors, chemoreceptors) and modifies the rhythms generated by the VRG

pontine respiratory group

involved with fine-tuning breathing and switching between inspiration and expiration

Where are chemoreceptors located?

- brain stem

- aortic arch and carotid bodies

What does hyperventilation cause?

hypocapnia (low CO2) and alkalosis

hypercapnia

a normal increase in breathing rate and depth based on the need to expel CO2 and raise blood pH

hyperventilation

an abnormally rapid breathing rate and depth that is not based on metabolic need and exceeds the body's need to remove CO2 (results in hypocapnia)

acclimatize

getting accustomed to elevation changes

dyspnea

difficulty breathing

eupnea

normal breathing

apnea

absence of breathing

What percentage of COPD cases are caused by smoking?

85-90%

hypoventilation

inadequate ventilation to meet metabolic needs that results in retained CO2 and acidosis

What percentage of lung cancer cases are caused by smoking?

90%

What is part of the respiratory membrane?

- capillary endothelial cells

- fused basement membrane

- type I alveolar cells

What does elevation of the ribs increase?

thoracic cavity width

What does diaphragm contraction increase?

thoracic cavity length

Which lung has shorter main bronchi?

right lung

respiratory membrane

formed by the tight association of the walls of alveoli and capillaries where gas exchange occurs