Population Health Exam
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45 Terms
What is Population Health?
The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group
Which population health framework focuses on integrating approaches rather than modifying only individual health behaviors?
Sociological Model of Health (SEM)
2 multiple choice options
Which population health framework focuses on how policies and interventions eventually lead to health outcomes?
Center for Urban Population Health (CUPH) Framework
2 multiple choice options
Which population health framework focuses on the varying levels of influence different interventions have on population health?
Health Impact Pyramid
2 multiple choice options
Which factor has the greatest impact on individual health
Behavioral Patterns
3 multiple choice options
True or False: Lower educational attainment is associated with worsened health outcomes
True
1 multiple choice option
True or False: Higher household income is associated with longer life expectancy
True
1 multiple choice option
Choose the best answer: Why does location impact individual health?
Disinvested neighborhoods experience multiple health disparities at once, compounding to severely reduce individual health.
3 multiple choice options
Which option correctly lists the five Healthy People 2030 social determinants of health (SDOH) domains?
Economic Stability; Education Access and Quality; Health Care Access and Quality; Neighborhood and Built Environment; Social and Community Context
3 multiple choice options
A 62-year-old with hypertension has frequent gaps in refills. Since his car broke down, he takes a 90-minute bus ride each way to the pharmacy, which closes at 6 pm; his shifts end at 5:30 pm. He has a $0 copay and understands his regimen. Which factor is most likely driving his nonadherence?
Transportation and pharmacy access limitations causing refill delays
3 multiple choice options
A new GLP-1 receptor agonist was e-prescribed. The claim rejected for prior authorization (PA); the expected copay is $75. The patient speaks limited English, relies on the bus, and has not started therapy after two weeks. What is the best first pharmacy-led action to mitigate SDOH barriers and initiate therapy?
Contact the prescriber to initiate PA support and begin manufacturer copay/patient assistance enrollment to reduce out-of-pocket cost
3 multiple choice options
A 58-year-old uninsured man with COPD and type 2 diabetes receives care at a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC). He has missed refills because the last bus home leaves before the pharmacy closes, he struggles to afford his medications, and he prefers Spanish for counseling. Which FQHC-based intervention is the best next step to address these SDOH barriers and improve adherence?
Enroll him in the sliding fee discount program and use the 340B pharmacy with home delivery and bilingual counseling
3 multiple choice options
What are Health Disparities?
Preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations.
Which statement best defines health equity?
Ensuring all people have a fair opportunity to attain good health
3 multiple choice options
Which scenario best represents a health disparity (as opposed to a simple difference)?
Higher maternal mortality rates among Black women compared with White women, after adjusting for income and education
3 multiple choice options
Which population is at increased risk for health disparities that affect medication use and outcomes?
People with limited English proficiency
3 multiple choice options
Which is the best example of a structural (upstream) cause of health disparities relevant to pharmacy practice?
Zoning and transportation policies that contribute to "pharmacy deserts"
3 multiple choice options
Several studies show that Black patients are less likely than White patients to receive appropriate analgesia for similar pain presentations. Which mechanism most plausibly contributes to this disparity?
Implicit bias and false beliefs about biological differences, influencing clinical decision-making
3 multiple choice options
A safety-net community pharmacy that bills Medicaid serves many patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) and high rates of medication errors. Which approach is both compliant with language access requirements and most likely to reduce the disparity?
Produce translated prescription labels and handouts in the patient's preferred language
3 multiple choice options
Which choice best describes Allostatic Load
The cumulative physiological damage caused by chronic stress
3 multiple choice options
Which sequence correctly represents the LEARN model for cross-cultural communication in clinical practice?
Listen, Explain, Acknowledge, Recommend, Negotiate
3 multiple choice options
Which approach is most likely to reduce the impact of implicit bias on diagnostic and treatment decisions in a busy clinic?
Implement guideline-based order sets with pre-specified criteria, use decision checklists/time-outs for high-stakes choices, and provide audit-and-feedback with outcomes stratified by race/ethnicity and language.
3 multiple choice options
What historical experience did 'Riverside Heights' have which decreased trust in the healthcare system?
The closure of a major hospital, and economic exploitation by healthcare debt collectors.
3 multiple choice options
Which option best exemplifies a pharmacy-based community health intervention aimed at reducing cardiometabolic disparities?
Partnering with neighborhood organizations to run mobile blood pressure and A1c screenings while making referrals to primary care
3 multiple choice options
Which type of policy acts only on those within the specified jurisdiction?
Ordinance
3 multiple choice options
Which type of policy does not have a civil enforcement mechanism?
Rule
3 multiple choice options
Which sequence best represents the five-step health policy process commonly used in public health?
Problem Identification → Policy Analysis → Strategy & Policy Development → Policy Enactment → Policy Implementation
3 multiple choice options
Which option does NOT correctly match a policy type with its focus?
Interstructural Policies: within a health organization meant to improve individual health outcomes
3 multiple choice options
Which pairing correctly matches a policy tool with an example in healthcare?
Regulation — mandatory immunization for school entry
3 multiple choice options
Which choice best defines the 'rule of rescue'?
The moral impulse to to save an identifiable person in imminent peril, even if those resources could produce greater overall health elsewhere
3 multiple choice options
Which choice INCORRECTLY identifies a general barrier to population health policy and its corresponding definition?
Partisanship Imperative: Democrat and Republican divide slows the progression of health-policy through legislature
3 multiple choice options
Which answer choice correctly identifies the three members of the iron triangle?
Congress, Bureaucracy, Interest Groups
3 multiple choice options
Which statement best defines the National Quality Strategy (NQS) developed by AHRQ?
A federal quality framework requiring all health systems to have three aims, six priorities, and nine levers
3 multiple choice options
Which definition best describes an Accountable Care Organization (ACO)?
A network of clinicians and hospitals that jointly take responsibility for quality and total cost of care for a defined population, sharing savings or losses based on performance
3 multiple choice options
Which definition best describes a Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH)?
A coordinated care-delivery model consisting of a centralized setting facilitating partnerships between individual patients, providers, and family
3 multiple choice options
Which population is the most heavily enrolled in Medicaid?
Children
3 multiple choice options
Which population does Medicaid spend the most on?
Disabled
3 multiple choice options
How is Medicaid financed?
Through federal-state partnerships (each state designs and operates its own program with federal requirements)
3 multiple choice options
Which service below is an optional inclusion to Medicaid?
Dental Care
3 multiple choice options
Which part of Medicare allows enrollment in a private plan?
Part C
3 multiple choice options
Which part of Medicare allows enrollment in outpatient, physician, and preventive services?
Part B
3 multiple choice options
Which conditions allow enrollment in Medicare even when younger than 65 years?
ESRD and ALS
3 multiple choice options
In general, what major insurance-market changes did the Affordable Care Act (ACA) make?
Expanded coverage via Medicaid and marketplaces, protected preexisting conditions, extended dependent coverage
3 multiple choice options
In general, how did the ACA change care delivery and costs?
Promoted value-based payment (e.g., ACOs, bundled payments), strengthened prevention, reduced Medicare drug costs
3 multiple choice options
Which provision best illustrates how the Affordable Care Act protected consumers in private insurance markets?
Prohibited preexisting-condition exclusions and lifetime/annual dollar limits; allowed dependents on parents' plans to age 26
3 multiple choice options