3.1-3.2 Indigenous Americas and Africa Context

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45 Terms

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1550 CE; Mesoamerica, Central America, and Andean South America

time period: 3500 CE-1493 CE beyond

Ancient American art(term) was created ____ CE, and compromises

M_________, C______ A______, and A_______ S_______ A_______

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Asia; 10,000 BCE to 1492 CE

People migrated from ___ to America over the span of 30,000 years

-among the world’s oldest traditions

-roots lie in Northern ___ (same as other blank)

-developed independently between ______ BCE to _____ CE

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1492 CE

what year marked the beginning of the European invasions?

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astronomy and literature; nomadic

  • Some civilizations provide, technological, refining metal ore, and developing a firm understanding of ______ and ______

  • other remained ________ and limited their activities as hunters and gathers

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buried or destroyed

Each succeeding civilization _____ or ________ the remains of the civilizations before.

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Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and western Honduras

Ancient Mesoamerica: 15,000 BCE to 1521 CE

consisted of —> M_______, G________, B_____, and western H________

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1521 CE

What year marked the time of the Aztec downfall?

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calendars, pyramidal stepped, mountains, celestial, green

Similarities between Mesoamerican cultures include similar _____, _______ ______ structures; sites and buidlings oriented in relation to sacred _______ and _______ phenomena, and highly valued _____ materials.

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Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile

Ancient Central Andes: consisted of present day Southern E_______, P____, western B______, and Northern C___.

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surviving, challenging environment, reciprocity, cyclicality, and reverence

general culture similarities between Ancient Central Andes include an emphasis on _____, and interacting with the ________ ________, _______ and _________, and __________ for the animal and plant worlds as part of the practice of shamanism.

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Cyclicality

the quality or state of something that occurs or moves in a cycle

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unity, cosmic geometry, visionary, animal-based

Ancient Central American art emphasizes ___ with the natural world and a five-direction (North, South, East and West) _____ _________; spirituality based on ______ shamanism and high value placed on _____-_____ media

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commoners, states sites, locally, materials

Artist were ________=ancient world

  • were employed by the _____ to work at important ____ instead of labor

  • Ancient Americans used a variety of ______ available _______

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Chavin civilization and art

Coastal Peru 900-200 BCE

  • named after its main Archaeological site

  • architects chose sites that were dramatic, on mountain tops

    • stepped platforms rise to support ceremonial buildings

    • built around U-shaped plan with a plaza.

also included figural compositions, combinations of human and animal motifs, symmetry, carved in low-reliefs on polished surfaces

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Aztec Civilization and Art

Central Mexico, Centered in Mexico City, 1400-1521 CE

  • aggressive nature of religious centering on violent ceremonies of bloodletting

    • used it as a form of self-sacrifice ritual to offer their blood to the gods

      • they believed it was a way to sustain the world and maintain cosmic balance by giving back a part of their life force to the dieties

their sacrifices and religious practice manifested in their art

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Bloodletting

the practice of intentionally drawing blood from the body

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Mississippian civilzation and art

Easter United States, 800-1500 CE

  • increase in agriculture meant a population boom

    • communities evolved in fertile areas

  • mound builders

    • baffles archeologists BCE/ they clearly could only be fully appreciated from the air or high vantage point, which they did not possess

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effigy mound

a raised pile of earth built in the shape of a stylized animal, symbol, human, or other figure

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Mayan Civilization and art

Belize, Guatemala 300-900 CE

  • the model is easily recognizable

    • consists of a figure with an arching brow, with the indentation above the nose filled as a continuous bridge between the forehead and nose.

    • usually elaborately dressed with costumes and composed of feathers and jade

  • sculptures are typically related to architectural monuments: lintels, facades, jambs

  • pyramids are set in wide plazas as a center of civic focus

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Chacmool

a figure that is half-sitting and half-lying on his back

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Inkan civilization and art

Peru, 1493-1521 CE

  • had no written language- much known about them is from archaeological remains

  • empire stretched from Chile to Columbia and was well maintained by organized system of roads that united the country

Architecture defies the odds by building impressive and well designed cities in some of the most inaccessible or inhospitable places on earth

were conquered by the spanish

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ashlar masonry

carefully cut and grooved stones that support a building without the use of concrete or other kinds of masonry

  • grooved and fitted stones placed together in almost jigsaw puzzle arangement

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Anasazi civilization and art

______ is a term that means “ancient ones” or “ancient enemies” in the Navaho language

this civilization (not Navaho) is most famous for their meticulously rendered pueblos- a communal village of flat-roofed structures of many stories that are stacked in terraces made of stone or adobe. (composed of local materials)

  • all pueblos face a well defined plaza that was the religious and social center of the complex

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North American Indian civilization and art

local products form the basis of most art forms

hides in areas populated by large animals like bison and deer

• Geometric designs on ceramics and utilitarian objects and highly

decorated fabric with beading and weaving mark their art

• Influence of European settlers spread throughout the Indian

nations

• Soon artists began serving an emerging tourist industry that

appreciated their artistry

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African Art

time period: from prehistoric to the present

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beliefs, never die

  • African arts share common _______

Africans believe ancestors _____ ___- sense of family and respect for elders

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carved, venerate, fertility

Many African sculptures representations of family ancestors are _____ to ______ their spirits

____ (individual and land)- highly regarded

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oral, undated and unsigned

  • traditional Africans rely on an ___ tradition to record their history

African art is _____ and _______

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famous, princes, commission, patron

  • Artists were ______ in their own communities and sought after by ______ (written records)

African artists worked on ________, often living with their ______ (like Europe)

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African Men

Which African artists were builders and carvers, and were permitted to wear masks?

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African women

Which African artists painted walls and created ceramics?

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weavers

African artists: Both sexes were _______

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Early 20th century

_____ __ century= African art began to find acceptance in Europe

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African architecture

built to be cool and comfortable —> due to the hot African sun

Made of mud-bricks walls and thatched roofs

masonry is unusual (royal complex of Zimbabwe)

  • construction of permanent materials (tradition lost)

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Ceremony/ritual

  • the important relationship between the art of native cultures to rituals (both societal and religious) and the interrelationship of art and performance (music and dance in native cultures)

(contextual issues)

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portability

  • art of indigenous people assumes various roles in different African cultures- art in the majority of these cultures tended to be small scale and transportable- a function of the nomadic or transient cultures that produced them.

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tradition

  • native art is essentially conservative in nature and time-honor traditions are valued over innovation because of the following factors:

  1. native art is essentially religious and religions evolve through established traditions and rituals

  2. there is little historical development of style as we know it within a given culture’’s art work.

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craftsmanship

African artists place a high value on fine workmanship and mastery of the medium, with clearly established ideas and standards (set within a tribal tradition) of composition, clarity of form, balanced and symmetrical composition, and finish/ surface.

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asethetics

  • ideas of what is “beautiful” are often connected with tribal moral codes and values in African art: in many African languages the word for “beautiful” and “good” are often interchangeable.

Works of art are supposed to be aesthetically pleasing while also upholding or expressing moral values.

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surface

the surface of African sculptures is significant: smooth= health = moral virtue

rough= deformity = moral flaws

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abstraction

many native artists work by instinct and produce work that is “abstract.”

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stylization

applying outside order on to natural forms

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simplification

elimination of detail

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reduction

_______ of forms to linear elements and outlines

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realism

resemblance to human likeness is desirable but African artists seldom portray specific (individual) people or animals. Instead artists attempt to portray a spiritual or conceptual reality using human or animal images (or a combination of both)