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1550 CE; Mesoamerica, Central America, and Andean South America
time period: 3500 CE-1493 CE beyond
Ancient American art(term) was created ____ CE, and compromises
M_________, C______ A______, and A_______ S_______ A_______
Asia; 10,000 BCE to 1492 CE
People migrated from ___ to America over the span of 30,000 years
-among the world’s oldest traditions
-roots lie in Northern ___ (same as other blank)
-developed independently between ______ BCE to _____ CE
1492 CE
what year marked the beginning of the European invasions?
astronomy and literature; nomadic
Some civilizations provide, technological, refining metal ore, and developing a firm understanding of ______ and ______
other remained ________ and limited their activities as hunters and gathers
buried or destroyed
Each succeeding civilization _____ or ________ the remains of the civilizations before.
Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and western Honduras
Ancient Mesoamerica: 15,000 BCE to 1521 CE
consisted of —> M_______, G________, B_____, and western H________
1521 CE
What year marked the time of the Aztec downfall?
calendars, pyramidal stepped, mountains, celestial, green
Similarities between Mesoamerican cultures include similar _____, _______ ______ structures; sites and buidlings oriented in relation to sacred _______ and _______ phenomena, and highly valued _____ materials.
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile
Ancient Central Andes: consisted of present day Southern E_______, P____, western B______, and Northern C___.
surviving, challenging environment, reciprocity, cyclicality, and reverence
general culture similarities between Ancient Central Andes include an emphasis on _____, and interacting with the ________ ________, _______ and _________, and __________ for the animal and plant worlds as part of the practice of shamanism.
Cyclicality
the quality or state of something that occurs or moves in a cycle
unity, cosmic geometry, visionary, animal-based
Ancient Central American art emphasizes ___ with the natural world and a five-direction (North, South, East and West) _____ _________; spirituality based on ______ shamanism and high value placed on _____-_____ media
commoners, states sites, locally, materials
Artist were ________=ancient world
were employed by the _____ to work at important ____ instead of labor
Ancient Americans used a variety of ______ available _______
Chavin civilization and art
Coastal Peru 900-200 BCE
named after its main Archaeological site
architects chose sites that were dramatic, on mountain tops
stepped platforms rise to support ceremonial buildings
built around U-shaped plan with a plaza.
also included figural compositions, combinations of human and animal motifs, symmetry, carved in low-reliefs on polished surfaces
Aztec Civilization and Art
Central Mexico, Centered in Mexico City, 1400-1521 CE
aggressive nature of religious centering on violent ceremonies of bloodletting
used it as a form of self-sacrifice ritual to offer their blood to the gods
they believed it was a way to sustain the world and maintain cosmic balance by giving back a part of their life force to the dieties
their sacrifices and religious practice manifested in their art
Bloodletting
the practice of intentionally drawing blood from the body
Mississippian civilzation and art
Easter United States, 800-1500 CE
increase in agriculture meant a population boom
communities evolved in fertile areas
mound builders
baffles archeologists BCE/ they clearly could only be fully appreciated from the air or high vantage point, which they did not possess
effigy mound
a raised pile of earth built in the shape of a stylized animal, symbol, human, or other figure
Mayan Civilization and art
Belize, Guatemala 300-900 CE
the model is easily recognizable
consists of a figure with an arching brow, with the indentation above the nose filled as a continuous bridge between the forehead and nose.
usually elaborately dressed with costumes and composed of feathers and jade
sculptures are typically related to architectural monuments: lintels, facades, jambs
pyramids are set in wide plazas as a center of civic focus
Chacmool
a figure that is half-sitting and half-lying on his back
Inkan civilization and art
Peru, 1493-1521 CE
had no written language- much known about them is from archaeological remains
empire stretched from Chile to Columbia and was well maintained by organized system of roads that united the country
Architecture defies the odds by building impressive and well designed cities in some of the most inaccessible or inhospitable places on earth
were conquered by the spanish
ashlar masonry
carefully cut and grooved stones that support a building without the use of concrete or other kinds of masonry
grooved and fitted stones placed together in almost jigsaw puzzle arangement
Anasazi civilization and art
______ is a term that means “ancient ones” or “ancient enemies” in the Navaho language
this civilization (not Navaho) is most famous for their meticulously rendered pueblos- a communal village of flat-roofed structures of many stories that are stacked in terraces made of stone or adobe. (composed of local materials)
all pueblos face a well defined plaza that was the religious and social center of the complex
North American Indian civilization and art
local products form the basis of most art forms
hides in areas populated by large animals like bison and deer
• Geometric designs on ceramics and utilitarian objects and highly
decorated fabric with beading and weaving mark their art
• Influence of European settlers spread throughout the Indian
nations
• Soon artists began serving an emerging tourist industry that
appreciated their artistry
African Art
time period: from prehistoric to the present
beliefs, never die
African arts share common _______
Africans believe ancestors _____ ___- sense of family and respect for elders
carved, venerate, fertility
Many African sculptures representations of family ancestors are _____ to ______ their spirits
____ (individual and land)- highly regarded
oral, undated and unsigned
traditional Africans rely on an ___ tradition to record their history
African art is _____ and _______
famous, princes, commission, patron
Artists were ______ in their own communities and sought after by ______ (written records)
African artists worked on ________, often living with their ______ (like Europe)
African Men
Which African artists were builders and carvers, and were permitted to wear masks?
African women
Which African artists painted walls and created ceramics?
weavers
African artists: Both sexes were _______
Early 20th century
_____ __ century= African art began to find acceptance in Europe
African architecture
built to be cool and comfortable —> due to the hot African sun
Made of mud-bricks walls and thatched roofs
masonry is unusual (royal complex of Zimbabwe)
construction of permanent materials (tradition lost)
Ceremony/ritual
the important relationship between the art of native cultures to rituals (both societal and religious) and the interrelationship of art and performance (music and dance in native cultures)
(contextual issues)
portability
art of indigenous people assumes various roles in different African cultures- art in the majority of these cultures tended to be small scale and transportable- a function of the nomadic or transient cultures that produced them.
tradition
native art is essentially conservative in nature and time-honor traditions are valued over innovation because of the following factors:
native art is essentially religious and religions evolve through established traditions and rituals
there is little historical development of style as we know it within a given culture’’s art work.
craftsmanship
African artists place a high value on fine workmanship and mastery of the medium, with clearly established ideas and standards (set within a tribal tradition) of composition, clarity of form, balanced and symmetrical composition, and finish/ surface.
asethetics
ideas of what is “beautiful” are often connected with tribal moral codes and values in African art: in many African languages the word for “beautiful” and “good” are often interchangeable.
Works of art are supposed to be aesthetically pleasing while also upholding or expressing moral values.
surface
the surface of African sculptures is significant: smooth= health = moral virtue
rough= deformity = moral flaws
abstraction
many native artists work by instinct and produce work that is “abstract.”
stylization
applying outside order on to natural forms
simplification
elimination of detail
reduction
_______ of forms to linear elements and outlines
realism
resemblance to human likeness is desirable but African artists seldom portray specific (individual) people or animals. Instead artists attempt to portray a spiritual or conceptual reality using human or animal images (or a combination of both)