Oxygenation

Ventilation

amount of gas in alveoli - movement of air in and out of the lungs

Perfusion

amount of blood moving past alveoli

Diffusion

gases move from high to low concentration, (CO2 is exchanged for O2)

Tricuspid Valve

between right atrium and right ventricle (prevents back flow into atrium when ventricle contracts)

Mitral Valve

between left atrium and left ventricle (prevents back flow into atrium when ventricle contracts)

Pulmonary Valve

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery (prevents back flow into ventricle when artery expands)

Aortic Valve

between left ventricle and aorta (prevents back flow into ventricle when artery expands)

Preload

blood remaining in left ventricle at end of diastole (before next contraction)

Afterload

resistance to ejection of blood from left ventricle

Diastole

heart relaxes, fills with blood (mitral and tricuspid open)

Systole

heart contracts, ejects some blood (aortic and pulmonic open)

Hypoxemia

low oxygen in blood (dizziness, restless, clubbing - chronic)

Hypoxia

low oxygen in tissues (dysrhythmia, death)

Hyperventilation

lungs remove CO2 faster than produced (anxiety) too fast = low CO2 in body

Hypoventilation

too slow = high CO2 in body 

CBC

red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell, platelet

Red blood cell

Female: 4-5 trillion

Male: 4-6 trillion

Hemoglobin

Female: 12-16

Male: 14-18

Hematocrit

37%-47%

White blood cell

5-10 billion

Platelet

Female: 157-371 billion

Male: 135-317 billion

Arterial blood gases

quantitative, measures O2 and CO2 in arterial blood, shows acid base state (how well body moves oxygen), direct and invasive 

Pulse oximetry

no order unless continuous, indirect, non-invasive (registers oxygen saturation of client’s HGB in arterial blood)

Bronchoscopy

informed consent, camera to look at bronchioles

Pulmonary function test

air retained in lungs after blowing out

Thoracentesis

drain excess fluid/obtain specimen (space between lungs and chest wall)

Bronchiodilators

dilates bronchioles, open airways (asthma, COPD)

Musokinetics

help clear mucus from bronchial passages (thins secretions)

Glucocorticoids (Steroids)

reduce inflammation, suppress airway mucus, move and open airways (worse taken orally, long term not recommended, mood swings, fluid retention)

Antitussives

work against coughing (can’t sleep, abdominal muscle soreness)

Antibiotics

treat infections

Vaccines

cause immune system to produce antibodies that target specific microbe (influenza, respiratory syncytial virus-RSV), allergic reaction, eggs

Antihistamines

dry up nasal passages - common for seasonal allergies, reduces symptoms of common cold

Antihistamines 

• 1st gen

• 2nd gen

• 1st gen: more dangerous for elderly (drowsiness, constipation)

• 2nd gen: better for elderly (non-sedating)

Nasal Decongestants - Vasoconstrictors

relieve nasal stuffiness (3-5 days max - prevent rebound nasal congestion from irritation to nasal mucosa)

Nasal Cannula

1-6 liters, low flow, long term, humidification >4 liters

Simple mask

6-10 liters, low flow, not for CO2 retainer

Non-rebreather

10-15 liters, low flow, reservoir bag, no holes, valves open on exhalation

Partial rebreather

6-15 liters, reservoir bag, severe hypoxia, holes

Venturi mask

high flow, precise O2 concentration, colored adapter

Ambient air

21% oxygen

Pleural effusion

accumulation of fluid in pleural space