English CLA - AO1 terminology

Overextension

Overly broad misuse of a lexeme

• Based on perceived similarities/relationships

Underextension

Overly narrow misuse of a lexeme

• based on perceived similarities/relationships

Virtuous Error

A non-standard utterance from a child based upon logical conclusions about grammar and morphology

Reduplication

Repetition of a single word/sound to make a new work

(CDS)

Consonant cluster reduction

Not producing one or more consonants phonemes in a consecutive run of consonants

Parataxis

The repetition of ‘and’ across and utterance, without pausing

Scaffolding

Structured support that parents provide, its tailored to a child’s ability and gradually removed with proficiency

Recasting

Caregivers rephrasing or correction an incorrect utterance made by a child

Reinforcement

Can be positive or negative, in form of reward/praise when getting utterances right or wrong

Tag questions

Added to a statement to make it a question

Holophrasis

Where a single word represents the meaning of a potentially longer utterance

assimilation

A phoneme takes qualities from its immediate phonetic environment

Overgeneralisation

A child’s over-application of grammatical rules

Stages of Interrogratives

1: Reliance on intonation

2: include auxiliary verbs in a non-standard order

3: grammatically correct imbedded questions

Stages of Negation

1: ‘no’ at the start or end of the utterance

2: ‘no’ or ‘not’ moves inside the utterance

3: achieves the standard form + uses contractions

Harmonisation

Producing the same phoneme at two points within the lexeme

Stages of Pre-speech

1: biological noises

2: cooing + laughing

3: repetition of sounds, raspberries

4: babbling

5: melodic utterances/scribble talk

Protowords

‘Made up’ words that a child will use to represent something that they cannot pronounce