Medical Terminology Exam 2

Covers chapters 5-7 for the med terminology exam

Integumentary system

covers and shields outer body surfaces

contains an intricate network of sensory receptors

regulates body temp., pain, and pressure

Epidermis

outer layer

composed mostly of non-living keratinized cells. Forms protective barrier

Dermis

Middle layer

living tissue composed of blood, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers

Subcutaneous

inner layer

binds dermis to underlying structures, composed of loose connective tissue and adipose

Accessory organs

Glands, hair, and nails

Glands

Sudoriferous (sweat) — secrete sweat through pores

Sebaceous (oil) — produce sebum

Hair

pil/o , trich/o

hair shaft — visible part of hair, composed of keratin

Nails

onych/o , ungu/o

composed of hard keratin, protects the tips of fingers and toes from bruises and injuries

Skin lesions

areas of tissue that have been altered by injury, wound, or infection

described by appearance, color, location, and size

Localized vs systemic skin lesions

localized — affect a small area of the body (bee sting or pimple)

systemic — wide spread throughout the body (measles)

Primary skin lesions

flat - freckles, tattoos, flat moles

elevated - fluid filled or solid

fluid filled - vesicle, pustule, bulla

solid - popule, nodule, tumor, wheal

Secondary skin lesions

depressed caused by loss of skin surface

excoriations - scratch, abrasions

fissure - slit or crack into dermis

ulcer - open sore or lesion extends into the dermis

burns

tissue injuries caused by contact with thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agents

first degree burn

superficial

damage to top layer of skin

second degree burn

partial thickness

damage both epidermis and part of the dermis

third degree burn

full thickness

epidermis and dermis are destroyed; some connective tissue damage

Neoplasms

New tissue formed such as abnormal growth, may be benign or malignant

benign neoplasm

non-cancerous growths, tumor is generally not progressive or recurring

malignant neoplasm

tumors that are canerous, generally progressive and recurring

metastasis

spreading process of cancer cells from a primary site to a secondary site

ABCD’s of malignant melanoma

A. Asymmetry

B. Border, irregular or circumscribed

C. Color variation

D. Diameter, usually larger than 6 mm

Abcess

localized collection of pus at site of infection

alopecia

baldness — absence of hair from areas where it normally grows

cellulitis

acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Ecchymosis

superficial bleeding under the skin. a bruise

eschar

damaged tissue following a severe burn

pediculosis

head lice

infestation with lice and eggs

pruritis

intense itching

Psoriasis

chronic, recurrent skin disease marked by itchy, scaly, red patches covered by silvery gray scales

pressure ulcer

skin ulceration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position

scabies

a contagious, parasitic infection of the skin

tinea

ring worm

fungal skin infection (pedis - foot, corporis - body)

vitiligo

localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk white patches

Frozen section

ultra thin slice of tissue cut from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

mohs surgery

removal of layers of cancer containing skin

punch

removal of small core of tissue using a hollow instrument

shave

removal of tissue using a surgical blade to shave elevated lesions

Debridement

removal of foreign material or dead or damaged tissue from a wound

incision and drainage

surgical cut made to allow the withdrawl of fluids from a lesion, wound, or cavity

Allograft

one person to another

autograft

one tissue site to another on the same person

synthetic

transplant of artificial skin produced from collagen

xenograft

transplant (dermis only) from foreign donor (usually a pig to human)

Intradermal allergy testing

injecting small amounts of allergens and observing for a reaction

patch

topical application of substance to be tested

scratch

place a small amt of allergen to be tested/scratched on skin

BCC

basal cell carcinoma

CA

cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest

FS

frozen section

ID

intradermal

IMP

impression

IV

intravenous

PDT

Photodynamic therapy

TNM

Tumor-Node-Metastasis

ung

ointment

XP, XDP

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Ingestion

food material taken into mouth

digestion

food is broken down, mechanically and chemically

absorption

digested food passes into the blood stream

elimination

the body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed through the blood stream

Digestive tract

begins at mouth, ends at anus

mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → liver → gallbladder and pancreas → duodenum → jejunum → ileum → cecum → ascending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum → anus

upper gi

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

large intestine

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

Stomach

gastr/o

sac-like structure

fundus - upper portion

rugae - folds of membrane

pylorus - most digestion takes place

pyloric sphincter - valve that regulates speed and movement in small intestine

peristalsis

wave-like contractions

Rectum

last part of the GI tract, terminates at anus

Liver

produces bile, processes absorbed nutrients, detoxifying harmful substances

gallbladder

storage area for bile produced by the liver

pancreas

produces digestive enzymes and insulin into the blood stream

Hernia

protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall or cavity in which it is naturally contained

inguinal hernia vs umbilical hernia vs hiatal hernia

inguinal - develops in the groin area where abdominal fold meets thigh area

Umbilical - protrusion of part of the intestine at the naval

hiatal - a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

intestinal obstruction

partial or complete blockage of small intestine

Adhesions

Scar tissues, tumors, thrombosis

volvulus

condition in which the bowel twists upon itself

intussusceptions

one portion of the intestine telescopes into another portion of the intestine

diverticulitis

inflammation of diverticula

signs and symptoms include: cramping and vomiting

Treatment: clear inflammation, treat with antibiotics

Cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis

formation or presence of gallstones within gallbladder or bile ducts

lithotripsy

procedure to crush stones

liver function tests (LFT)

blood test evaluates liver functions

Lower and upper gastrointestinal series

barium enema, barium swallow

Stool culture

test to identify microorganisms or parasites

colostomy

creation of an opening into the colon

antaacids

neutralize acidity in the stomach

antidiarrheals

controls loose stools and relieves diarrhea

Antimetics

controls nausea and vomiting

antipasmodics

decrease GI spasms by slowing peristalsis

laxatives

treats constipation

adip/o , lip/o , steat/o

fat

cutane/o , dermat/o , derm/o

skin

hidr/o , sudor/o

sweat

ichthy/o

dry, scaly

kerat/o

horny tissue; hard; cornea

melan/o

black

myc/o

fungus

onych/o , ungu/o

nail

pil/o , trich/o

hair

scler/o

hardening

seb/o

sebum, sebaceous