References

Briefly summarise Basso et al 2021.

Conducted 2 studies comparing MS to healthy controls → administered neurophyschological batteries (tests) to classify MS patients as globally impaired/unimpaired → used California Verbal Learning Test to assess new learning → both studies showed that cognitively impaired people with MS manifest weakness involving acquisition and retrieval → link: memory, MS, hippocampus

Briefly summarise Choi et al 2014.

Used protein microarray to look at human astrocytes to investigate cytokines/chemokines released during inflammation → found that cultured human astrocytes expressed NF-kB target cytokines and chemokines involved in both resting and activated conditions, whihc indicates this pathway regulates gene expressions of astrocytes under different conditions → link: astrocytes are not always destructive or productive, it depends on conditions

Briefly summarise Constantinescu 2011.

Described the issue of EAE as a model for EAE → EAE involves inflammation, demylination, axonal loss, gliosis → EAE has served to test many current treatments for MS

Briefly summarise de Roboso 1999.

Overview of EAE induced by different antigens → quoted from overview in Science Direct

Briefly summarise Dedoni et al 2023.

Overview of most common models of experimental models for MS → reviewed Theiler’s murine encephalopathy virus, EAE, transgenic models, and in vitro models → gave overview of EAE, noted that it has key limitation: EAE is mainly characterised by spinal cord demylination where MS is marked with cerebral demylination, sometimes may be considered misleading despite many similarities

Briefly summarise Distefano-Gagne et al 2023.

Overview of the roles of microglia in animal models of MS and demylinating lesions ​​→ described how microglia and chronic microglial inflammatory activity damages myeline and disrupts synaptic/axonal activity → also described how the phagocytic capabilities of microglia are important → basically an in depth review of microglia, their genomic regulators, their functions, etc

Briefly summarise Dobson & Giovannoi 2018.

A general review of MS, mechanisms, causes (smoking, genetics, EBV) ​, pathology (plaques, t-cells), clinical features (remitting-relapses, clinically isolated syndrome, progressive courses)

Briefly summarise Franke & Illes 2014.

Overview of how damage to the CNS causes mass release of ATP, causing activation of P2X and P2Y receptors at astrocytes, inducing astrogliosis ​​→ hallmark of CNS injury

Briefly summarise Hardy 2022.

Overview of autoimmune encephalitis in children (CNS inflammatory disorders) ​​→ MOG believed to play a role in myelin integrity, oligodendrocyte maturation, cell-mediated and humoral immune responses ​​→ MOG antibodies identified in up to ⅓ of children with a demylinating syndrome

Briefly summarise Hauser & Cree 2020.

Overview of current treatments of MS​​ → explains effective management required multifaceted approach dealing with acute attacks, progression, and symptoms ​​→ identified several key disease modifying therapies for MS

Briefly summarise McGinley et al 2021.

Review summarising diagnosis and treatment of MS → gave info on symptoms, prevalence, DMTs

Briefly summarise Puzzo et al 2014.

Reviewed a series of tests used to test for hippocampal-dependent cognition in mice: contextual fear conditioning, radial arm water maze, morris water maze → this was for AD models

Briefly summarise Rocca et al 2018.

Explained how memory impairment and depression associated with MS are associated with damage to the hippocampus, particularly how it becomes disconnected from other brain networks, and how the hippocampus impacts plasticity (adult neurogenesis, LTP synaptic plasticity)

Briefly summarise Shapiro 2023 and Wexler 2022.

Both found XPro may promote myelin restoration by allowing tmTNF to bind to TNFR and clearance of damaged myelin, found this in mice genetically engineered to lack TNFR1 in microglia, saw remylination → Wexler: soluble TNF paralyses the ability of microglia to clear debris, so eliminating sTNF allows for glial phagocytosis and remylination

Briefly summarise Tsang and Macdonnel 2011.

Overview of diagnosis, management, prognosis of MS

Briefly summarise Wekerle and Lassman 2006.

Overview of immune responses associated with MS, including T and B lymphocytes and autoreactivity

Briefly summarise Wu & Zhang 2023.

Described the relationship between hippocampal neuroinflammation and major depressive disorder

Briefly summarise Zozulya et al 2008.

Described how the dysregulation of T cells plays a central role in the development of MS, and have therefore been targeted as a treatment for MS