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Lips, Teeth
The mouths of birds lack blank and blank
Beak
The shape of the blank in the bird is highly variable among species
dependent on what they eat
Choana
cleft on median plane of palate
normal in birds, abnormal in humans
3
palate
instead of differentiated soft and hard palates, birds have a singular blank
Oropharynx
combined space from beak to esophagus
lined with caudally pointing papillae that encourage food to esoph.
Papillae
aquatic spec. have blank on their tongues to help sift food out of water when trying to eat
Tongue
collect, manipulate, swallow food
more or less active depending on species
birds have poor sense of taste
Deglutition
To complete this process, most birds tilt their heads back and rely on gravity
Esophagus
mostly on the right side of the body
can be very distended
if no crop present, food can span throughout this struct. w/o threat of choking
7
Crop
8
enlarged area of esoph.
stores food for short periods of time until stomach can receive it
Stomach
complexity depends on diet (herbs, more complex)
2 parts: proventriculus and ventriculus
proventriculus
glandular region of stomach
elongated
secretes acid and mucus (to protect walls from acid)
purple arrow
ventriculus
aka the gizzard
blue arrow
“lens-shaped”
most of organ is muscle that inserts on 2 tendinous centers, 1 on each side
func: mech. breakdown
cran. and caudal blind sac, which enlarge interior surface
grit
material in gizzard used for mech. breakdown
shells, sand, and rock, etc
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Small intestine sections
3, 5, 7
Ceca
paired structures that run along much of length of ileum
offshoots of large intest.
9
Colorectum
11
main func: water resorption
urine can be moved from cloaca back into here for water and electrolyte resorption
Cloaca
common end to repro., digestive, and urinary tracts
opens at vent
Coprodeum
part of cloaca
10
where feces are stored, most prox. segment
Urodeum
part of cloaca
11
where urinary tract opens
Proctodeum
part of cloaca
12
most dist. segment