Ch. 1- the immune process

Is natural/innate immunity specific or not specific?

non-specific

Natural/innate immunity reacts ______ to the presence of a foreign substance.

immediately

______ immunity is specific for each organism and takes time to initiate an immune response.

Adaptive/acquired

What type of immunity is critical in ABO incompatibility reactions which are dangerous in transfusion medicine?

Innate/natural immunity

What type of immunity is critical in non-ABO alloantibody formation, antibody screening, crossmatching, and preventing HDFN?

Adaptive/acquired immunity

______ is when someone is exposed to foreign antigens (through transfusion or pregnancy) which then the adaptive system generates IgG antibodies.

Alloimmunization

An ______ is a molecule that is capable of producing an antibody response in the host (also an antigen).

immunogen

An _______ antigen is a substance that reacts with an antibody, but may or may not invoke and immune response.

antigen

A _____ is a small molecules that is antigenic (binds to antibodies) but is not immunogenic by itself.

hapten

what are two characteristics that foreign proteins have to have to elicit a very strong immune reaction?

1. high molecular weight

2. of complex shape

what macronutrients are less complex but some can elicit a strong immune response typically found in A and B blood type antigens?

carbohydrate

what are the three main functions of antibodies?

Neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation

What class of antibody (isotype) is found mostly in secretions and serve to bind microorganisms and neutralize them?

IgA

what class of antibody functions primarily as an antigen receptor on the surface of B cells and also found in conjunction with IgM?

IgD

What class of antibody causes allergies by causing the degranulation of basophils and mast cells in the tissues?

IgE

what class of antibody is responsible for fixing complement and is also known to cross the placenta?

IgG

Which class of antibody is identified as a large molecule and is the first antibody to be produced when the immune system is stimulated?

IgM

______ antibodies are called warm antibodies and require incubation at 37C.

IgG

_____ antibodies are called cold antibodies because they can agglutinate red blood cells at room temperature or colder.

IgM

______ is initial force of attraction between one binding site on antibody molecule and single epitope of the corresponding antigen.

affinity

______ is the sum of all attractive forces between antigens and antibodies.

Avidity