SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

February 15, 1898

• During Cuba's revolt against Spain, the battleship Maine was stationed in Havana Harbor. The ship exploded, killing 266 naval officers and crew

April 25, 1898

• US declared war against Spain criticizing her unfitness and inability to to maintain its colonies 

  • Led US Battle Plan against Spain

    • Capt. Alfred Mahan

    •  Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge

    •  Asst. Sec. US Navy theodore Roosevelt “Our asiatic Squadron should blockade, and if possible, take manila”

May 1, 1898

• Battle of Manila Bay

  • Led by Commodore George Dewey

  •  Defeat of Spanish Fleet led by Patricio Montojo against American Navy led by Dewey.

• Treaty of Paris. Where Mckinley decided to acquire the entire archipelago with the reason that “Filipinos cannot govern themselves”, & interdependence of the other islands. Signed December 10, 1898.

• US will pay Spain $20M within three months after ratification of the treaty

• VIOLATED PHILIPPINE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: to which felipe agoncillio argued but was ignored

MOTIVES OF USA

• Dollars - Economic Power

  • East Asian Market (Market for American goods) - FOOTHOLD TO CHINESE MARKET

  • Source of Capital Investment for American Capitalists

    • Americans needed (raw mtls.): sugar, tobacco, coconut, abaca (hemp)

• Military Defense

  • America to be a strong naval power

  • Philippines was seen as the perfect naval base (strategic location)

• Religion 

  • Spread of protestantism

AMERICAN RHETORIC

• DUTY - White Man’s Burden (by Rudyard Kipling)

  • Civilizing Mission - Pears Soap (brightening)

  • Cleanliness & Education

• DESTINY - Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation (December 21, 1898)

  • USA saw this as their Manifest Destiny: diving providence destined by  God to expand its borders” 

  • PACIFICATION TOOLS:

    • Guns OR Textbooks

    • Soldier OR Teacher

• BALANGIGA MASSACRE (September of 1901)

POLITICAL POLICIES

• Military Government  

  •  General Welsey Meritt  (August 1898 to July 4, 1901)

  • General Elwell Otis (late 1898)

• SCHURMAN COMMISSION (1899): investigative commission headed by doctor Jacob Schrumann

  • Initiate regulative principles

• TAF COMMISSION (1900) - headed by William H. Taft

CIVIL GOVERNMENT

• 1901 - headed by American Civil GG: William H. Taft

• Anti FIlipino Nationalism Policies

  • Branding filipino revolutionaries - Bandoleros (thieves)

  • Irreconcilables - Mabini and Ricarte (known as those unable to accept the american occupation)

  • Sedition Law - guilt will be executed in support to any Filipino Independence Agenda

  • Brigandage Act (1902) - No filipino bandit movements - penalty is life imprisonment

  • Flag Law (1907) - prohibited waving flags against USA

• Reconcentration camps Act (1903) - zoning measures for town with bandits increasing in number preventing to leave the area

PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902

• ALSO KNOWN AS Cooper Act - administration of civil government in the Philippines

• An Act Temporarily to Provide for the Administration of the Affairs of Civil Government in the Philippine Islands, and for Other Purposes,

• Freedom of religion 

• Bill of Rights

• ESTABLISHMENT of Philippine Legislature:

  •  Philippine Assembly seen as the lower house in 1907

    • Sergio Osmena - Speaker of the Assembly

  • PHILIPPINE COMMISSION - acted as upper house 

JONES LAW 1916

• ALSO KNOWN AS Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916

• Approved August 29, 1916; authored by US Congressman William Atkinson Jones - independence would be granted after a stable government had been established (replaced 1902 Bill)

• Bicameral Legislature: Established House of Representatives & the Philippine Senate

• Filipinization Program: Newly elected President Woodrow Wilson appointed Francis Burton Harrison Governor-General of the Philippines

  • Replacing Americans with filipinos; Filipinos became more in control of policies of the American colonial government.

Administration of Mindanao 

• Creation of Moro Province, department of mindanao and sulu: administered by civil government governed by american governors

TYDINGS MCDUFFIE LAW

•  by Milliard E. Tyding and John Mcduffie (1934)

  • Independence: July 4, 1946

  • Commonwealth Government creation

    • Transition government (for 10 years) led by elected FILIPINO President and Vice President

  • Legislature: National Assembly LATER BECAME BICAMERAL

  • 1935 Constitution - patterned after american constitution

    • Ratified by filipinos in may 1935

    • Separation of church and state

    • Mandatory military service

COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT POLICIES

• Equal rights of filipinos regardless of status/occupation

• Just payment of wages and laborers

  • Minimum wage - P1

  • Eight hour labor law

  • Court of Industrial Relations (for issues)

  • National Relief Administration

  • National Sugar, Rice & Corn Board

COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT POLICIES PROBLEMS

• Problems = FAILURE

  • No funds

  • Issues with capitalists & laborers

  • Provincial leaders did not implement

  • Landlord oppression towards tenants

COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENTS

• Developments

  • Defense Plan

  • National Economic Council & National Loan and Investment Board

  • Social Insurance System

  • No foreign owners on Philippine lands

  • Mining law

  • New City: Davao, Zambaonga, IloIlo, Cebu (DZIC)

  • State Control Police Force

  • Information & Radio Board

• NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT (CW A NO. 1)

  • 21 years old and above training for 5 ½ months

April 30, 1937

Women’s right to vote

ECONOMIC POLICIES (DURING AMERICAN COLONIZATION) - TRADE

• Payne-Aldrich (1909)

  • Partial free trade with USA

  • QUOTA limits on Phil sugar and tobacco

  • Tariff costs more than the profit of quota set on sugar and tobacco we export

  • US GOODS = NO QUOTA AND TARIFF

• Underwood-Simmons Act (1913)

  • Total Free trade

  • NO QUOTA OR TARIFF ON FILIPINO GOODS TO USA

• TYDINGS MCDUFFIE LAW (1934)

  • 1st 5 years (1936-1940) - free trade with quota

  • (1941) 6th year - 5% graduated tariff every year

  • (1952) 11th year, Goods = 100% tariff

ECONOMIC POLICIES (DURING AMERICAN COLONIZATION) - LAND

• Lands for free patent

  • Lands occupied & cultivated before or by august 13, 1898

  • Proven to be owned by ancestors

  • 16 hectares ONLY

• Selling of Friar Lands

  • William H. Taft bought it of 7M dollars

ECONOMIC POLICIES (DURING AMERICAN COLONIZATION) - SOCIOCULTURAL

• Public health, sanitation & hygiene

• Philippinitis = ONLY to the americans

• Venereal Diseases - syphilis caused by prostitution due to opening of ports

• Line-pail brigade - during cholera epidemic “promotion of bored-hole latrine”

ECONOMIC POLICIES (DURING AMERICAN COLONIZATION) - EDUCATION ACT 1901

• Thomasites - educators

  • Department of public instruction

  • 7 years of elem

  • 4 years of HS

  • 4 years of Tertiary 

• Pensionado program

  • Filipinos sent to study in american colleges and to return to help the philippine government