Carbonyl compounds as nucleophiles

How do we choose the correct base to use to form enolates from electrophilic carbonyl compounds

Different pKa values of ketones, esters and amides

The amide conjugate base (enolate) is less stable so is more reactive.

Enolate anions are ambident - what are the 2 alkylation reactions that can take place

Which 2 factors influence the proportions

C-alkylation of enolate anions

What is a good base and solvent combination to use

Li is solvated effectively due to its charge density

Nitrile alkylation

aldol reaction - enolate reaction with carbonyl compounds

aldol reaction catalysed by a weak base or by an acid

Enolate reactions with acylating agents (like esters)

Why is the equilibrium far towards the stable enolate

The nucleophile alkoxide is not going to attack the negatively charged enolate

enamine reactivity compared to enolates

They are rather similar to enolates but are less reactive(the N has fewer lone pairs than O^-)

Enamines can form the same products as enolates with a little workup.

How can the relatively high acidity of beta-ketoesters be used

How can we remove the additional carboxyl group

What are beta-ketoesters synthetically equivalent to

What is the benefit of beta-ketoester enolates being less basic than ketone enolates

How do enamines react with unsaturated carbonyl compounds

Forms a new C-C bond