APWH period 4

Xenphobia

The fear, hatred, or distrust of people from other countries or cultures, often resulting in discrimination, exclusion, or hostility toward foreigners or those perceived as outsiders.

Apartheid

System of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that existed in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s

Exclusionary reactions

refer to responses or behaviors aimed at keeping certain groups or individuals out of a community, society, or opportunity based on perceived differences

Antisemitism

hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jewish people

Glasnot

Russian word meaning "openness" or "transparency." In a political context, it refers to a policy introduced by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s as part of his broader reform agenda.

Arab Spring

Series of anti-government uprisings, protests, and armed rebellions that swept across much of the Arab world beginning in late 2010. It was fueled by widespread frustration over authoritarian rule, corruption, unemployment, poverty, and lack of political freedom.

Decolonization in Africa

• Ghana, then called the Gold Coast, was a British colony.

• After World War II, demands for freedom and self-rule grew.

• Kwame Nkrumah led peaceful protests and formed the Convention People's Party (CPP).

• The British allowed elections, and the CPP won.

• Ghana became independent in 1957, the first African country to gain independence from colonial rule.

Independence movement in India

• India was a British colony for nearly 200 years.

• Indians wanted freedom, and the movement grew in the early 1900s.

• Mahatma Gandhi led nonviolent protests, including marches, boycotts, and civil disobedience.

• After years of peaceful resistance and negotiations, India gained independence in 1947.

• The country was divided into India and Pakistan during independence.

South East Asia

• Decolonization happened after World War II.

• Countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines gained independence from European or American rule.

  • Indonesia became independent from the Dutch in 1949.

  • Vietnam fought wars for independence, first from the French, then with the U.S. during the Vietnam War.

• Many new countries struggled with civil wars, Cold War tensions, and building stable governments.

• The region later became important in global trade and economic growth (e.g., Singapore, Malaysia).

Laitn america

• Many countries were already independent (since the 1800s), but in this period they faced:

  • Cold War influence: U.S. and USSR supported different sides in political struggles.

  • Military dictatorships rose in places like Argentina, Chile, and Brazil.

  • Revolutions and guerrilla movements occurred (e.g., Cuban Revolution in 1959).

• By the 1980s–1990s, many countries moved toward democracy and economic reforms, though problems like poverty, corruption, and drug violence remained.