Chapter 9: The Healthy Human Body

Homeostasis

the condition in which all the body systems are balanced and working together to maintain internal stability

Metabolism

physical and chemical process working at a steady level with homeostasis (if injury, this is thrown off as well as homeostasis)

10 systems

1. Integumentary (skin)

2. Muscoskeletal

3. Nervous

4. Circulatory

5. Respiratory

6. Urinary

7. Gastrointestinal

8. Endocrine

9. Reproductive

10. Immune and Lymphatic

Body systems are made up of ____

organs

Organs are made up of ____

tissues

Cells

the building blocks of the body, grow and divide and die , renewing the tissues and organs in the body

Anterior or ventral

front of the body/body part

Posterior or dorsal

back of the body/body part

Superior

toward the head

Inferior

away from the head

Medial

toward the midline of the body

Lateral

on the side, left or right

Proximal

closer to the torso

Distal

farther away from the torso

Largest organ in the body

Skin

Skins job

prevents injury to internal organs and protects the body against entry of bacteria, also prevents loss of too much water

The skin is also a ___

sense organ, it feels heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure (body temperature is regulated in the skin)

Dilate

when the blood vessels widen when the outside temperature is hot

Constrict

when blood vessels narrow when the outside temperature is cold

Functions of the integumentary system

• protect internal organs from injury

• protect body against bacteria

• prevent the loss of too much water

• respond to heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch

• regulates the body’s temperature

#1 Normal Change of Aging in the Integumentary system

skin is thinner

What gives the body shape and structure?

muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage

What do the bones do?

• Allow the body to move

  • Protect organs

Joint

where two bones meet

Ball-and-socket joint

makes movement possible in all directions

Hinge Joint

permits movement in one direction only

Muscles

provide movement of body parts to maintain posture and produce heat

Involuntary Muscles

muscle not consciously moved (e.g. heart)

Voluntary Muscles/Skeletal Muscles

can be moved when a person wants to move them

Atrophy

the muscle wastes away

Contracture

develops, the muscle or tendon shortens, becomes inflexible, and “freezes” in position

Musculoskeletal System Function

• gives the body shape and structure

• allows the body to move

• protects organs to maintain posture and heat

The Nervous System

the control and message center of the body, controls and coordinates all body functions, senses and interprets information from the outside of the body

Neuron/Nerve Cell

the basic unit of the nervous system, send messages or sensations from receptors through the spinal cord to the brain

Two main parts of the nervous system

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Central Nervous System

composed of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

deals with the outer part of the body via the nerves and extend throughout the body

The brain is within the ____

skull

The spinal cord is within the ___

spinal column

Three main sections of the brain

The cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem

The largest section of the brain is the ____

Cerebrum

The cerebrum is divided into the ___-

right and left hemispheres

Right Hemisphere’s Job

controls movement and function of the left side of the body

Left Hemisphere’s Job

controls movement and function of the right side of the body

Functions of the nervous system

• to control and coordinate all body functions and to sense

  • respond to changes occurring both inside and outside the body

The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin are the body’s major____

sense organs

Sense organs contain ___

receptors

What do receptors do?

Relay impulses to the nerves

Normal changes of aging in sense organs include:

• Vision and hearing decrease (sense of balance may be affected)

  • Sense of taste, smell, and touch decrease

The Circulatory/Cardiovascular System is made up of the ___

made of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

What does the heart do?

pumps blood through the blood vessels to the cells

What does the blood do?

Carries food, oxygen, and other substances cells need to function properly (keep the cells alive)

If circulation is reduced, cells do not receive enough ___ and ____

oxygen and nutrients

Waste products of cell metabolism are not removed, and organs become ___

diseased

The ____ is the pump of the circulatory system

heart

The three layers of the heart

pericardium, myocardium, and the endocardium

The heart is divided into how many chambers?

four

What is in the upper chambers?

the left and right atrium

What are the tasks of the upper chambers?

they receive blood

right atrium - receives blood from the veins which then flows into the blood vessels in the lungs

left atrium - receives the oxygen saturated blood the flows into the left ventricle

Systole

the contracting phase

Carbon dioxide is exchanged for ___

oxygen

Diastole

the resting phase, where the chambers fill with blood

Three types of blood vessels

arteries, capillaries, and veins

Arteries job

carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart (Lots of pressure)

What are capillaries?

tiny blood vessels that receive blood from the arteries

Veins Job

carry the blood containing waste products from the capillaries back to the heart (back to the atrium)

Blood is made up of ___

blood cells and plasma

Three types of blood cells

red blood cells(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes); and platelets or thrombocytes

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) job

• carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body

Platelets (thrombocytes) are carried in the ___

blood

Plasma is the ___ portion of the blood

liquid

Respiration

the body taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide

Inspiration

inhaling

Expiration

exhaling

Kidneys

two bean-shaped organs that are protected by the muscles of the back and the lower rib cage

Each kidney has a ____ which is attached to the ___

ureter, bladder

Gastrointestinal (GI) or Digestive system is made up of ____

the gastrointestinal tract and digestive organs

Digestive track runs all the way from the ____ to the _____

mouth, anus

Food passes from the ____ through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and out the body as solid waste (feces or stool)

mouth

Teeth, tongue salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas assist in ____

digestion

Salvia ___ the food and the lounge helps with ___ and _____.

moistens, chewing, swallowing

Peristalsis

the muscles of the esophagus then move food into the stomach through involuntary contractions

Bile

a green liquid produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine.

• helps break down dietary fat

Liver Job

converts fats and sugars into glucose

The pancreas produces ___

insulin

What is insulin?

a hormone that works to move glucose from the blood into the cells for energy for the body

Three gastrointestinal system processes

Digestion, absorption, and elimination

The Endocrine System is made up of ___

glands in the different areas of the body

What are glands?

organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones

What are hormones?

chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions (carried to different organs in the body)

The putuitary gland is also called the ____ and is located behind the eyes at the base of the brain

master gland

The pituitary gland secretes ____ that cause other glands to produce other hormones

hormones

Gonads/sex glands

produce hormones that regulate the body’s ability to reproduce ( testes, male and ovaries, female)

The Reproductive System

allows human beings to reproduce

Normal changes in male reproductive system with aging:

• prostate gland enlarges which can interfere with urination

  • sperm production decreases

The Immune System

protects the body from disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and microorganisms in two ways

Two ways the immune system protects the body from diseases

Nonspecific Immunity and Specific Immunity

Nonspecific Immunity

• Anatomic barriers: the skin acts as a physical barrier

• Physiologic barriers: body temperature and acidity of certain organs

• Inflammatory

Specific Immunity

• protect against specific diseases

• Acquired immunity

What does the lymphatic system do?

removes excess fluids and waste products from the body’s tissues , helps the immune system and circulatory system