CEE 2 - DDS (Liquid Dosage Forms)

These are liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent

Solutions

Mixture of mutually miscible solvents

Solutions

Advantages of Solutions

1. Completely homogenous doses

2. Immediate availability for absorption and distribution

3. Flexible dosage form

- Easy to swallow

- Easy to adjust dose

- Can be used by any route of administration

Methods of Preparing Solutions (3)

Simple Solution
Solution by Extraction
Solution by Chemical reaction

Preparation of Solutions:
Simple solution examples

• Application of Heat

• Addition of a Co-Solvent

• Rigorous Agitation

Preparation of Solutions:
Solution by Extraction examples

Liver solution

Preparation of Solutions:
Solution by Chemical reaction examples

MgCO3 + Citric Acid → Mg Citrate + CO2

Aqueous solution examples (8)

• Water

• Aromatic waters

• Douches

• Enemas

• Gargles

• Mouthwashes

• Sterile solutions

• Parenteral Solutions

This is one of the most commonly used solvent for drug solutions

Water

The USP recognizes how many types of water for the use and preparation of dosage forms?

SIX

Type of water?

Obtained by distillation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis or other suitable process

Purified Water, USP

Type of water?

Used in the preparation of aqueous dosage forms EXCEPT parenteral products

Purified Water, USP

Purified Water, USP has a pH of ?

pH of 5-7

Purified Water that is FREE of pyrogens

Water for Injection, USP

Type of water?
Obtained by distillation or reverse osmosis

Water for Injection, USP

Type of water?
Used for the manufacture of parenteral products that are to be sterilized after preparation

Water for Injection, USP

Type of water?
Water for injection that is sterilized and packaged in single dose containers LESS THAN 1 Liter

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

Type of water?
Used for already sterilized and packaged medication

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

Type of water?
Sterile Water for injection that contains one or more antimicrobial agents

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP

Type of water?

Packaged in single or multiple dose containers LESS THAN 30mL

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP

Type of water?
Water purified by distillation or reverse osmosis and rendered sterile for inhalational use

Sterile Water for Inhalation, USP

Type of water?

Not used for the preparation of parenteral products

Sterile Water for Inhalation, USP

Type of water?

Water for injection that is sterilized and suitably packaged

Sterile Water for Irrigation, USP

Sterile Water for Irrigation, USP must be labeled with?

For irrigation use only, Not for injection

Sterile Water for Irrigation, USP examples

• Agua Oxinada

• Burrow’s Solution (Aluminum

  Acetate Solution)

Burrow’s Solution is also knwon as?

Aluminum Acetate Solution

Aromatic Waters is also known as?

medicated waters

These are clear, aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances

Aromatic Waters

Aromatic Waters uses

• Flavored vehicle for water soluble drugs

• Aqueous phase in some emulsions or suspensions

Aromatic waters storage?

Tight; light resistant bottles

Aromatic water preparations (3)

• Distillation

• Solution method

• Alternate Solution Method

Aromatic water preparations:
also known as: cohobation

Distillation

Aromatic water preparations:
Process of redistilling one or more times from a fresh, delicate drug with volatile principles

Distillation

Aromatic water preparations:
Distillation examples

Stronger Rose Water NF

Aromatic water preparations:
Dissolve 2mg/mL of volatile oil in 1L of purified water; allow to stay overnight and filter off excess oil

Solution method

Aromatic water preparations:
Trituration of 2mg/2mL of volatile oil with talc (clarifying agent; dissolve in 1 liter water and filter

Alternate Solution Method

These are aqueous solutions directed against a part or into a cavity of the body

Douches

These function as cleansing agents or antiseptic agents

Douches

These are frequently dispensed in the form of a powder with the directions for dissolving a specified quantity of warm water

Douches

These are rectal solutions employed to:

• Evacuate the bowel

• Influence the general system

• Affect locally the site of disease

Enemas

Type of enema?
Evacuate the bowel

evacuation enemas

Type of enema?

Influence the general system

retention enema

Examples of enemas

• Sodium phosphate enema ( Fleet)

• Hydrocortisone Enema

• Aminophylline Enema

Sodium phosphate enema is also known as?

Fleet

These are aqueous solutions used for treating pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs through the gargle which is held in the throat

Gargles

Examples of Gargles

• Golden Gargle: Fe + K + CO3 ^-2

• Bactidol

Golden gargle formula

• Fe + K + CO3 ^-2

These are aqueous solutions used for deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect or for control of plaque in the mouth area

Mouthwashes

Sterile solutions (4)

• Nasal

• Otic

• Ophthalmic

• Irrigating

What type of Sterile solutions?
These are aqueous solutions designed to be administered into the nasal passages in the form of drops or sprays

Nasal Solution

What type of Sterile solutions?
Vehicle used is usually water but a co-solvent system may be used

Nasal Solution

What type of Sterile solutions?

May contain preservatives, buffers, anti-oxidants surfactants

Nasal Solution

What type of Sterile solutions?
These are products intended to be instilled into the ear

Otic solution

What type of Sterile solutions?
Vehicle: water or glycerin or cosolvent

Otic solution

What type of Sterile solutions?
May contain preservatives, buffers, anti-oxidants, viscosity agents and surfactants

Otic solution

What type of Sterile solutions?
These are sterile, pyrogen free and particle free solutions compounded and packaged for instillation in the eye

Ophthalmic Solutions

What type of Sterile solutions?
Contains water, preservatives, buffers, anti-oxidants, tonicity adjustors, viscosity enhancers

Ophthalmic Solutions

What type of Sterile solutions?
pH= 7.4 / pH= 6.5-8.5

Ophthalmic Solutions

What type of Sterile solutions?
Sterile solutions used to wash or bath surgical incisions, wounds or body tissues

Irrigating Solutions

What type of Sterile solutions?
Should be labeled “Not for injection” and “For Irrigation only”

Irrigating Solutions

What type of Sterile solutions?
pH and Tonicity must be considered

Irrigating Solutions

These are solutions injected through the skin or directly into the blood vessel, muscle, organ or other tissues

Parenteral Solutions

Parenteral Solutions

Production must conform to strict requirements for the following:

• Microbiological content

• Impurity content

• Particulate matter content

• Pyrogenicity

Uses of parenteral solutions

• Alternative when patient is unable to take medication by mouth

• For use in drugs that are inactivated by gastric acid or first-pass effect

• when drug action is required immediately

• When drugs are to be delivered to an organ, lesion, a muscle or a nerve

Sweet and Viscid Preparations (3)

• Syrups

• Honeys

• Mucilages

Solutions containing high concentration of sucrose or other sugars

Syrups

Syrups examples

• Cherry syrup

• Cocoa syrup

• Orange syrup

• Raspberry syrup

Syrup preparation (4)

• Solution with the aid of heat

• Solution with agitation without the aid of heat

• Reconstitution

• Percolation

What Syrup preparation?
Prevention of caramelization

Solution with agitation without the aid of heat

What Syrup preparation?
Addition of sucrose to medicated or flavoured liquid

Reconstitution

What Syrup preparation?
passage of a solvent through a bed of sucrose at a rate of 1mL/ min

Percolation

Also known as simple syrup

Syrup, NF

This is a nearly saturated solution of sucrose (85% w/v or 65% w/v with a sp.gr. of 1.3)

Syrup, NF

• Is self preserving

• Low solvent capacity for water soluble drugs

• Inherently stable and resistant to growth of

• microorganisms when properly prepared and maintained

Syrup, NF

These are thick liquid preparations somewhat allied to syrup, differing in that honey is used as a base instead of sugar

Honeys

chief constituent of honey

invert sugar

Honeys examples

Squill Oxymel

Squill Oxymel is a oxymel mixture of?

honey and acetic acid

These are thick, viscid adhesive liquids prepared by:

• Dispersion of gums in water

• Extraction of ___ and its principles from vegetable materials

Mucilages

Mucilages preparation

• Dispersion of gums in water

• Extraction of mucilages and its principles from vegetable materials

Non-aqueous solution examples

• Elixirs

• Spirits

These are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use

Elixirs

Alcohol content of elixirs

5-40% but most of the time varies widely

Elixirs examples

Aromatic Elixir, NF

Aromatic Elixir, NF alcohol content?

22%

Also known as Essences

Spirits

These are hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances

Spirits

Alcohol content of spirits

generally over 60%

Spirits uses?

• Flavoring agent

• Vehicle

Spirits storage condition?

tight, light resistant containers

Methods of Spirit Preparation (4)

1. Simple Solution with agitation

2. Solution with Maceration

3. Chemical Reaction

4. Distillation

Methods of Spirit Preparation:
Simple Solution with agitation examples

Aromatic spirit of ammonia

Methods of Spirit Preparation:
Solution with Maceration examples

Peppermint spirit

Methods of Spirit Preparation:
Chemical Reaction examples

Amyl nitrite spirit

Methods of Spirit Preparation:
Distillation examples

Brandy, whiskey