Section 3 - Population Patterns and Processes

When did the human population reach one billion?

1804

What revolutions have overlapped together in order to increase human lifespans?

Industrial, Medical, Green

What do human population increases usually correspond to?

Environmental destruction, Disease transmissions, Urban development, and Urban decay

When was the Irish Potato Famine?

Mid 19th century

What fungus wiped out the potato farms in Ireland?

Potato Blight

What type of climate do most populations settle in?

Mild or Moderate

What range of latitude lines do people tend to live on?

65N to 45S

What is a chain migration?

Immigrants moving to follow family or an existing community

What are the three main categories of population density?

Arithmetic, Physiological, and Agricultural

How is artithmetic density calculated?

Total Pop. / Total Land Area

What can arithmetic density tell geographers?

Crowded living conditions

What does arithmetic density not show?

If resources are enough to sustain population

How is Physiological density calculated?

Total Pop. / Arable Land

What does Physiological density show geographers?

If resources can support a population

How is agricultural density calculated?

Farmers / Arable Land Area

What does agricultural density tell geographers?

Amount of labor needed to support food systems

What would a higher agricultural density reflect?

Population does subsistence farming

What countries have subsistence farming as a common practice?

Brazil and Nigeria

What is rural-urban migration?

Movement of people from rural areas to urban centers

What are ethnic enclaves?

Immigrants that share an identity and live in a densely populated center

What is the dependency ratio?

Population that are too old/young to live on their own over the working-age

What is an age structure?

Population distributed across age groups

What does carrying capacity mean?

Population limit dependent on amount of natural resources that can be sustainably used

What are the characteristics that make up population composition?

Age, Sex, Race, Income, Education, Occupation

What is the sex ratio?

Amount of men per 100 women

What age range is considered working-age for a population?

15 to 64

What is the age-sex distribution?

Amount and Age of males plus females in a Pop.

What age group is considered a young dependent?

14 and younger

What age group are considered aging dependents?

65+

When was the Baby Boom?

Mid 1940s to Mid 1960s

What is the term used to describe social systems that prefer men?

Patriarchal

What countries are examples of patriarchal socieites?

China, Vietnam, Albania

What is a population pyramid?

Models that show age-sex ratios

What is the y-axis labeled for population pyramids?

Age Groups

What is the x-axis label in a population pyramid?

Proportion of Men and Women

What would an expansive base of a population pyramid indicate?

Rapid population growth and high birth rate

What would a tapered top on a population pyramid indicate?

High death rate in adult age and low life expectancy

What would a swell in the middle of a population pyramid indicate?

Economic boom and large amount of aging people

What would an inverted population pyramid indicate?

Population decline, falling birth rates, and large eldery population

What does DTM stand for?

Demographic Transition Model

What does a DTM display?

Demographic stages that show a progression of high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates

What are demographics?

Human Pop. data of age, gender, ethnicity, income, education, and household size

What does TFR stand for?

Total fertility rate

How is the TFR calculated?

Avg number of children born to a woman

What region in the world has the highest TFR?

Sub-Saharan Africa

What countries have some of the highest TFR?

Niger, Somalia, and Chad

What does CBR stand for?

Crude Birth Rate

How is CBR calculated?

Annual Births per 1000 people

What does CDR stand for?

Crude Death Rate

How is CDR calculated?

Deaths each year per 1000 people

What type of region have high CDR and CBR?

Developing

What would a decreasing CDR indicate?

Improvements in healthcare and infrastructure

What does the IMR stand for?

Infant mortality rate

What does the IMR indicate?

Percent of children that do not live past one year

What does the NIR stand for?

Natural increase rate

How is the NIR calculated?

Annual Births - Annual Deaths

What is doubling time?

Time it takes for a population to double

What is the CDR of India in 2023?

9:1000

What is the CBR of India in 2023?

16:1000

What is the NIR of India in 2023?

9:1000

What is the rule of 70?

Dividing the percent NIR by 70

How would you calculate net migration?

Immigrants - Emigrants

What is net in-migration?

Immigrants outnumbering emigrants

What is net out-migration?

Immigrants lower than Emigrants

What was the total number of immigrants that Australia had from 2024 to 2025?

568,000

What was the total number of emigrants that Australia had from 2024 to 2025?

263,000

What was the net migration that Australia had from 2024-2025?

305,000

What type of regions is net in-migration more common in?

Developed

What type of regions are net out-migration more common in?

Developing regions with resource scarcity

What are push factors?

Negative conditions that cause people to leave home region/country

What are pull factors?

Positive conditions that encourage people to immigrate to certain places

What are some examples of push factors?

War, Famine, Poverty, Ethnic/Cultural/Religious persecution

What are some examples of pull factors?

Political stability, Jobs, Better living conditions

What is forced migration?

Populations being forced to migrate

What is forced migration also called?

Involuntary migration

What is voluntary migration?

Populations choosing to migrate

What are the categories of migration?

International, Intranational, Interregional, and Intraregional

What is international migration?

Migration from one country to another

What is Intranational migration also called?

Internal Migration

What is Intranational migration?

Moving from one place in a country to another place in the same country

What is Interregional migration?

Migration from one region of a country to another region of the same country

What is Intraregional migration?

Moving from one place in a region to another place in the same region

What does ETM stand for?

Epidemiological transition model

What is ETM?

Stages that show progression of high mortality to lower mortality

What is the first stage of the DTM called?

High stationary stage

What are the characteristics of the high stationary stage in DTM?

Population barely changes, Life expectancy is short, Perhaps conflict/disease/starvation

What is the second stage of the DTM called?

Early expanding stage

What are the characteristics of the second stage of the DTM?

High CBR, decreasing CDR, Improved healthcare, longer lifespans

What countries are typical of the Early Expanding Stage in the DTM?

Guatemala and Yemen

How would a population pyramid of the early expanding stage in the DTM look like?

Wide base

What is the third stage of the DTM called?

Late expanding stage

What are the characteristics of the late expanding stage in the DTM?

Higher education, declining CBR and low CDR, more urbanized

How would the population pyramid of a stage 3 country look like?

“Pear-shaped”

What are examples of stage 3 countries?

Mexico, South Africa, Jamaica

What is the fourth stage of the DTM called?

Low Stationary

What are the characteristics of a stage 4 in DTM country?

Low CBR, Low CDR, NIR is near 0

What are examples of stage 4 countries?

Singapore, US, Canada, Most of Europe

What is the 5th stage of the DTM called?

Declining stage

What are the characteristics of stage 5 countries in the DTM?

Extremely low CBR, increasing CDR, NIR may be negative

What are pronatalist policies?

Policies to encourage people to have children