STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

mechanics of deformable bodies

branch of mechanics that studies the internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to an external loading

mechanics of deformable bodies

it includes the study of the body’s stability when a body such as a column is subjected to compressive loading

strength

it is the capacity of a material to resist deformation or failure under applied external forces

strength

it is crucial in determining how well a material can withstand operational loads without breaking

tensile strength

the maximum stress a material can endure when being stretched

compressive strength

the ability to withstand forces that reduce size

shear strength

resistant to forces that cause layers to slide past each other

plasticity

it is the ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation without fracturing after its elastic limit is exceeded

plasticity

this property allows materials to be molded or shaped into complex forms

hardness

it measures a material’s ability to resist localized deformation such as scratching, cutting, or indentation

hardness

it is essential for materials exposed to wear and abrasion

toughness

it is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing, representing a balance between strength and ductility

toughness

materials with high _______________ are resistant to shock and dynamic loading

manganese steel

it is used in impact-resistant equipment like crusher jaws

mild steel

it is common in construction for its ability to withstand sudden forces without cracking

brittleness

it describes a material’s tendency to break without significant plastic deformation under stress

brittle

_____________ materials are often strong under compression but weak in tension or shear

ductility

it is the ability of a material to be stretched into thin wires without breaking, indicating its capacity to undergo significant plastic deformation under tensile stress

copper

______________ is ductile and ideal for electrical wiring due to its high conductivity and ease of forming

aluminum

_____________ is ductile and is used in lightweight structural applications and packaging

cohesion

it is the intermolecular force that binds particles of a material together, resisting separation

diamonds

hardest known natural substance

impact strength

it is a material’s ability to resist fracture under a sudden or rapidly applied load

impact strength

this property is essential in dynamic and safety-critical applications

creep

slow, time-dependent deformation of a material under constant load, especially at elevated temperatures

primary creep (decelerating)

secondary creep (steady)

tertiary creep (accelerating to failure)

three stages of creep

weldability

it refers to the ability of a metal to be joined effectively through welding process, either by fusion alone or with the application of pressure

wear resistance

it is the ability of a material to withstand surface damage or deterioration caused by friction, abrasion, or other mechanical interactions with adjacent moving parts

wear resistance

materials with high ______________ ensure durability and reliability in applications like gears, bearings, and cutting tools

normal force

a force that acts perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of a body

normal force

it occurs when external loads push or pull on the body, causing either compression or tension in the material

tensile force

force that stretches the body

compressive force

force that squeezes the body

shear force

a force that acts parallel to the cross sectional area of a body

shear force

it arises when external loads attempt to make two adjacent parts of the material slide past one another

shear force

force that is significant in the design of bolts, rivets, and beams

stress

it is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength

stress

it is the force on a member divided by area

American National Standard Institute

what does ANSI stands for?

hooke’s law

it stated that providing the limit of proportionality of a material is not exceeded, the stress is directly proportional to the strain produced

elastic limit

the maximum stress that a material can withstand without undergoing any permanent deformation

elastic limit

beyond this limit, the material will not return to its original dimensions when the load is removed

proportional limit

the maximum stress at which stress and strain remain directly proportional

proportional limit

below this limit, the material exhibits elastic behavior, but above it, some degree of permanent deformation begins to occur

ultimate strength

the maximum stress a material can withstand before beginning to neck or experience significant deformation leading to failure

stress-strain diagram

it is a graphical representation that illustrated the relationship between the stress applied to a material and the strain it undergoes

stress-strain diagram

it provides critical insights into material behavior under loading, including the elastic and plastic regions, yield point, and fracture