med term unit 2 review

What are bones primarily made of?

Bony tissue, collagen, osteocytes, and calcium salts.

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

To provide framework, protect internal organs, and support body movement.

What is ossification?

The gradual replacement of cartilage by immature bone cells and calcium deposits.

What are osteoblasts?

Immature osteocytes that produce bony tissue.

What are osteoclasts?

Large cells that function to reabsorb or digest bone tissue.

What role does calcium play in the body?

Helps with bone formation, heart contraction, and nerve impulse transmission to muscles.

What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A hormone responsible for maintaining calcium levels in the bloodstream.

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?

A hormone that allows calcium to leave the bloodstream and enter the bones.

What is calcium phosphate?

A substance produced by osteoblastic activity that gives bone its hard quality.

What is the function of Vitamin D in the body?

Necessary for calcium absorption through the lining of the small intestine into the bloodstream.

How many bones are there in the human body?

206 bones.

What is the epiphysis?

The end part of a long bone.

What is the metaphysis?

The region of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.

What is a simple fracture?

A bone fracture without a break in the skin.

What is an open (compound) fracture?

A bone fracture where a fragment of the bone protrudes through the skin.

What is osteosarcoma?

A tumor of the bone and flesh, commonly located at the end of long bones.

What is osteomalacia?

Bone softening caused by a lack of Vitamin D, leading to poor calcium absorption.

What is osteoporosis?

A condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, resulting in thinning and weakening of bones.

What is osteomyelitis?

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by infection.

What is a synovial joint?

A freely movable joint, such as the hip and knee joints.

What is a bursa?

A closed sac of synovial fluid located near joints to reduce friction.

What do ligaments connect?

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

What do tendons connect?

Connective tissue that connects muscles to bone.

What does the term 'articul/o' refer to?

Joint.

What does 'rheumat/o' refer to?

Watery flow, related to the study of joints.

What is arthritis?

Inflammation of the joint; a general term for various forms of joint inflammation.

What type of arthritis is characterized by chronic progressive stiffening of the spinal column?

Ankylosing spondylitis

What causes Gouty Arthritis?

Inflammation and swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body

What is Osteoarthritis?

A degenerative joint disease caused by loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

An autoimmune disease where the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickened

What is Arthrocentesis?

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint

What is Arthrography?

Process of recording a joint

What is Arthroplasty?

Surgical repair of a joint

What is Arthroscopy?

Visual examination of a joint

What are the three types of muscles?

Striated muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles

What is the function of striated muscles?

Found in skeletal muscles and under voluntary control

What is the function of smooth muscles?

Contract to move internal (visceral) organs and are under involuntary control

What is the function of cardiac muscles?

Striated in appearance but act like smooth muscle; found only in the heart

What is Flexion?

Decreasing the angle between two bones

What is Extension?

Increasing the angle between two bones

What is Abduction?

Movement away from the midline of the body

What is Adduction?

Movement towards the midline of the body

What is Dorsiflexion?

Decreasing the angle of the joint; foot bends upward toward the face

What is Plantar flexion?

Increases the angle of the joint; a ballerina 'en pointe'

What is Supination?

Turning the palm upward toward the ceiling

What is Pronation?

Turning the palm downward toward the floor

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

Weakness of muscles due to failure in transmission of the nervous impulse from the nerve to the muscle cell

What is Muscular Dystrophy?

Inherited disease characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers

What are the four functions of the digestive system?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste material

What is Mastication?

Chewing

What is Deglutition?

Swallowing

What is the function of the pharynx?

Passageway for air and food

What is the role of the epiglottis?

Flap of tissue covering the trachea to prevent food from entering it during swallowing

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

What is the function of the stomach?

Prepares food for the small intestine

What are sphincters?

Muscles that control openings into and out of the stomach

What connects the ileum to the large intestine?

The anus

What is the length of the colon?

5 feet long

What are the four divisions of the colon?

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

What is the function of the liver?

Produces bile, maintains blood glucose levels, manufactures blood proteins, and removes toxins

Where is the gallbladder located?

Under the liver

What type of gland is the pancreas?

Both exocrine and endocrine gland

What does the exocrine function of the pancreas produce?

Enzymes to digest starch, fats, and proteins

What does the endocrine function of the pancreas release?

Insulin

What is the term for the condition of loss of appetite?

Anorexia

What is ascites?

Abnormal collection of fluid in the abdomen

What is dysphagia?

Difficulty swallowing

What causes jaundice?

High levels of bilirubin in the blood

What is steatorrhea?

Excess fat in feces

What is the cause of dental caries?

Bacterial growth in plaque leading to tooth decay

What are esophageal varices?

Swollen, varicose veins in the esophagus or upper stomach

What is GERD?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, where solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

What is a peptic ulcer?

An open sore in the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

What is colorectal cancer?

Cancer of the colon, rectum, or both

What is diverticulosis?

Abnormal side pockets in the intestinal wall

What is cholelithiasis?

Presence of gallstones in the gallbladder

What is cirrhosis?

Chronic degenerative disease of the liver

What is pancreatitis?

Inflammation of the pancreas

What is the hemoccult test used for?

To detect blood in feces and screen for colon cancer

What does a stool culture test for?

Microorganisms present in fecal material

What is the purpose of liver function tests?

To test for presence of enzymes and bilirubin in the blood serum

What is the lower GI series?

X-rays taken of the rectum and colon after barium sulfate is inserted rectally

What is the upper GI series?

X-rays taken of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after barium sulfate is swallowed

What is an abdominal ultrasound used for?

To produce an image of abdominal viscera using sound waves, helpful for examining fluid-filled structures.

What is bariatric surgery?

A surgical procedure used for weight loss in severely obese patients.

What is paracentesis?

A procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen, often used to drain ascites.

What does the suffix '-emesis' mean?

Vomiting.

What does the suffix '-pepsia' refer to?

Digestion, often associated with indigestion.

What does the suffix '-phagia' indicate?

Swallowing or excessive hunger.

What does the suffix '-rrhage' signify?

Excessive bleeding or bursting.

What is the abbreviation for barium enema?

BE.

What does the abbreviation 'CT' stand for?

Computed tomography.

What does 'GERD' stand for?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

What does 'IBD' refer to?

Inflammatory bowel disease.

What is the meaning of 'NPO'?

Nothing by mouth.

What does 'PUD' stand for?

Peptic ulcer disease.

What are the six cranial bones?

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.

What are the six facial bones?

Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal, palatine, and lacrimal bones.

What is the function of the gastrointestinal system?

To digest food and absorb nutrients.

What is the order of food flow in the GI system?

Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → anus.