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Rf value
The is a ratio and therefore has no units.
Impure liquid
is heated in a round bottom flask.
Shampoo
is a mixture of several chemicals and water.
Condenser
cools the steams to a pure liquid and it drops into the beaker.
Retention factor
= distance moved by compound ÷ distance moved by solvent.
volatile liquid
A(n) is one that evaporated easily this is a sign that the forces between its particles are weak so have low boiling points too.
Sugar
is the solute, water is the solvent.
mixture of gases
A(n) condense on the beads in the fractional column.
Crystals
are collected by filtering the solution.
mixture of substances
It is also used to separate a(n) .
Filter paper
will only allow small liquid particles to pass through in the filtrate.
pure substance
A(n) has a definite, sharp, melting point and boiling point.
pure water
The vapour passes through the condenser, where it cools and condenses, turning into which is collected in a beaker.
soluble solid usually
A(n) gets more soluble as the temperature rises.
Solid particles
are too large to pass through the filter paper so will stay behind as a residue.
lowest substance
The beads are heated to the boiling point of the , so that substance being removed can not condense on the beads.
Sugar
is more soluble in hot water than in cold water.
Rf value
Calculating the allows chemists to identify unknown substances because it can be compared with Rfvalues of known substances under the same conditions.
Filter paper
is placed in a filter funnel above another beaker.
Solutions
When you mix sugar and water, the sugar seems to disappear
But there is one simple method you can use in the lab
You can check melting and boiling points
Example and procedure
Used to separate a dissolved solid from a solution, when the solid is more soluble in hot solvent than in cold (e.g
1
place a drop of black ink in the center of some filter paper
2
Now drop water onto the ink spot, one drop at a time
3
suppose there are three rings yellow, red
For water and ethanol
ethanol has a boiling point of 78 ºC and water of 100 ºC
Summary
for fractional distillation
Summary
for Simple distillation