Pre-test Questionnaires

Cognitive

Moral Reasoning is part of

Preservation of gene

In wilson’s evolutionary theory of development, which of the following would be the focus of the evolutionary strategy?

Physical and Social

Lolong is considered large for his age and does not have many friends. These are example of the interaction between which domains of development?

Psychoanalytic Approach

Which of the following perspectives on gender development postulates that gender identity only occurs when the child identifies with the same-sx parent?

Social construction includes practice and concepts invented by a particular culture or society

It is universally acknowledged that the periods of the lifespan are merely a social construction. Which of the following statement would be the BEST explanation for the concept of social construction?

Proximodistal Principle

Infants would first learn to control their arms when reaching then utilize their hands in a scooping motions, and finally learn to use their thumbs and pointing fingers in a grip. What type of development is described in this situation?

Self-Efficacy

You are fond of your classmates because of their carefree attitude. When you asked them, they said that it is because they live by the principle “if they can do it, I can do it too.” This statement would be an example of what specific factor affecting observational learning?

Super ego

Girlie, a rather demonstrative 5 year old, his brother boyet for laughing at her when she slipped on the staircase. However, she felt guilty afterwards. Which of the following would be the BEST explanation for girlie’s guilt, according to the psychoanalytic perspective?

Natural Selection

Some organisms would sacrifice themselves to save other members of the immediate family. In Wilson’s Evolutionary Theory of Development, this behavior would be classified as a form of altruism. Which of the following processes would lead to the development of altruism?

Reinforcement

Kara is teaching her 4-year-old daughter, Mia, how to clean up her toys after playing. Every time Mia puts a toy back in its place, Kara gives her a sticker as a reward. Over time, Mia starts cleaning up her toys without being reminded. Which concept does Kara’s method BEST demonstrate?

Adolescene

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage provide a clear progression of human development from conception to death, which is largely affected by social interactions. These relationships are an essential component of the discovery of identity, which attains its peak during which developmental stage?

Punishment

At the young age of five, Moymoy is learning to ride his bicycle. However, every time he rides his bike onto the driveway, he loses control of the bike and falls. One may infer that Moymoy will eventually no longer drive his bike into the driveway. Which specific learning process would reflect Moymoy’s eventual behavior?

Gender constancy

4 year old Totoy tells his mother “If I wear my sister’s pink raincoat, i’ll turn into a girl.” His older sister explains that clothes do not change whether someone is a boy or a girl, but Totoy continues to believe they do. According to Kohlberg’s cognitive-development theory, which of the following best explains totoy’s thinking?

Interaction with Environment

Your brother asks you about the contribution of Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, as he will be reporting on the topic in his introduction to psychology class. You proceeded to discuss the four stages of cognitive development and told him that Piaget believes in which of the following factors that affect cognitive development?

Scaffolding

An undergraduate student of psychology is currently undertaking research that is focused on the lived experiences of children living in the orphanage. Although she is well-versed in qualitative research, she still seeks the help of her technical adviser in areas where she is unsure. Which of the following concepts would reflect the assistance provided by the student’s technical adviser?

Classical Conditioning

To ensure the health of Buboy, his parents would bring him to doctor’s clinic for his checkup and vaccination. Buboy cried when he received his firs injection. Every time buboy needs to be injected, the same nurse will administer it. His parents notice that Buboy now cries whenever he sees the nurse, even if no injection is given. Which learning process would BEST explain this situation?

Id

You have just read a newspaper article about the case of a savage rape and murder. You wondered how someone could commit such a horrible crime. Then, you recalled from your study of the Psychodynamic Theory that, according to freud, anyone can be a killer or a rapist if they cannot control certain impulses. These impulses would originate with which part of the human personality?

A person living in a neighborhood with high unemployment

According to research, economic and social factors describing individuals and their families are observed to provide essential contexts in human development, with children in lower academic status (SES) being more at risk of showing emotional and behavioral problem. Considering this, which of the following individuals would have increased chances of having a negative outcome later in life?

Maymay imitates a same-gender model after observing rewarded behavior and expects similar social reinforcement

During free-play time in preschool, Maymay notices that the older girls she admires are praised for gently caring fir baby dolls, while boys receive attention for pretending to be firefighters. The next day, maymay eagerly chooses to care for a baby doll because she expects similar approve from her teacher and classmates. According to social cognitive theory, which explanation best accounts for maymay’s behavior?

Normative age-graded influences

A seven-year old boy has recently started learning to read and write at school. He practices reading aloud with his classmates, and by the age of eight, he is expected to read fluently in his grade level.

Males and females developed different reproductive behaviors because these behaviors increased their chances of reproductive success through natural male selection.

During a classroom discussion in General Biology, the students have observed that in several animal species, males compete with one another to attract females.

Mr. Garcia initially provides a lot of support, then gradually reduces it as gigi gains competence

Gigi, a 7-year-old pupil is learning how to solve math problems involving multiplication. Her teacher, Mr. Garcia, begins by demonstrating how to multiply two numbers step by step.

Mesosystem

Dr. Juan Dela Cruz believes that due to plasticity, there are times in human development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences, thereby initiating growth and development. Moreover, he is also interested in knowing whether this development is influenced by the correlation between the quality of parent-child relationship at home and the success of children in school. The interaction between home life and school performance would be considered a part off which social context?

Microsystem

Dr. Juan Dela Cruz believes that due to plasticity, there are times in human development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences, thereby initiating growth and development. Moreover, he is also interested in knowing whether this development is influenced by the correlation between the quality of parent-child relationship at home and the success of children in school. The bidirectional relationship between the individual and their home life would be classified as a part of which social context?

Stagnation

Ramon is already in his late 40s. However, he has not been able to expand his interests for the past several years, and it seems like he is not ready to assume the responsibilities expected of a middle-aged man. To compensate, he began acting like an adolescent all over again by going on dates and chatting with random girls online, even though he has long been married to his wife. His actions are a result of boredom and impoverishment, best explain by which concept?

They developed from different eggs fertilized by different sperm cells

While discussing genetics in a biology class, a teacher explains that fraternal twins may physically appear different from each other, just like any regular siblings. What is the BEST explanation for this possibility?

Assess the child’s physical development before birth

During prenatal check-up, the OB GYN uses an ultrasound to monitor the growth and detect possible abnormalities in the unborn child. What is the primary purpose of this procedure?

Promotion of a healthier prenatal development

A pregnant woman regularly attends prenatal sessions where she learns relaxation techniques and receives emotional support from other parents. What is the effect of these sessions on the developing child?

The limited spaces and shared prenatal resources in the uterus

A 25-year old pregnant woman carrying twins is told by her doctor that twin pregnancy have a higher chance of premature delivery and a lower birth rate. Which of the following factors primarily explain the increased risk?

Fetal Stage

During prenatal check-up, a doctor explains that the developing child is currently growing in size and its organs are becoming more refined and functional. Which stage of prenatal development is the child most likely in?

Healthy physical development of the child

During pregnancy, an OB-GYN recommends proper nutrition and prenatal vitamins, especially folic acid, to an expecting mother. What would be the effect of this recommendation on the pregnancy?

The child will have brown eyes but will carry the recessive blue-eyed gene

A father has brown eyes (BB) and a mother has blue eyes (bb). Brown eyes are known to be a dominant trail, while blue eyes are recessive. If they have children in the future, what will be the MOST likely color of their child?

Sensory Development

An expecting mother has the habit of talking and singing to her unborn child. Results from several studies reveal that fetuses can in fact hear sounds from outside the womb during the last trimester. This suggests that prenatal development already includes

Swollen Breasts

Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy stimulate breast development as the body prepares for milk production. This breast growth is often more noticeable during first pregnancy. This is the changes that results from the increase in these female hormones

Klinefelter Syndrome

During a prenatal checkup, an OB-GYN discovers that the fetus has an extra X chromosome, resulting in the genetic pattern XXY. After birth, the child grew up with a masculine physique, but later experiences reduced fertility and some difficulty with language development.

Teratogens

During her pregnancy, margarita avoids consuming alcohol and smoking cigarettes because she would like to ensure the health of the developing child and prevent possible issues related to its brain and body development.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A pregnant woman continues to consume large amounts of caffeine, smoke several cigarettes daily, and drink alcohol beverages regularly.

Phenylketonuria

A newborn child appears normal at birth. After a few weeks, the child begins vomiting and shows irritability and development delays. The doctors discovered that the child cannot properly break down a specific amino acid found in many types of food.

Isolette

A pregnant woman was involved in a car accident during the sixth month of her pregnancy. For this reason, an emergency procedure was conducted where her unborn child was prematurely and surgically removed from her uterus through the abdomen. Child was safe but needed to stay in a temperature-controlled and enclosed crib.

DNA Scans

Maria is currently pregnant with her first child. Together with her partner, jose, she went to see Dr. Espiritu santo for her monthly checkup. In addition, dr. espiritu santo also extracted maria’s blood to assess the DNA of her unborn child.

Overregularization

The statement “my parents goed to the store” is an example of what concept regarding early language development?

Rooting Reflex

While examining a newborn, a pediatrician nurse gently strokes the infant’s cheek. The infant immediately turn its head toward the touch and begins to make sucking motions

Overextending

A 2-year-old little boy identifies every four-legged animal he sees as “dogs” including cats, cows, and goats. He uses only a single familiar word to describe a number of similar animals.

Stranger anxiety

A ten-month-old infant cries loudly and reaches out for their mother whenever a stranger approaches them. They seem uncomfortable when meeting new and unfamiliar people but calms down quickly whenever one of their parents holds them.

Will

A two-year-old toddler insists on trying to dress and feed themselves independently, even if they struggle with their shirt’s buttons or spill their food.

Secondary Circular Reactions

A six-month-old infant accidentally shakes one of their colorful rattle toys and hears a sound. The infant then repeats the action for several more times by shaking the rattle toy again and again because it produces an interesting sound.

Holophrase

A twelve-month-old toddler points at a bottle of milk in front of them and says “milk!” The parents understand that the toddler is actually trying to communicate, “I want milk.” This single word, therefore, expresses a complete thought.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A pediatrician advises a young parent to place their newborn child on their back when sleeping, avoid soft bedding, and keep the crib free of toys and pillows.

Junjun is developing both gross and fine motor skills

At ten months, junjun’s parents noticed that he could crawl across the room and pull himself up to stand while holding onto furniture.

Resistant Attachment

A fourteen-month-old infant is observed to cry and throw a tantrum whenever their mother leaves the room. However, the infant cries even louder when the mother returns, while clinging to her but resisting any efforts to be comforted.

Object Permanence

A nine-month-old little girl watches her mother place a teether toy under a small blanket. The little girl then lifts the blanket to find the toy, indicating that she understand that the toy still exists even though she cannot visually perceived it.

The child may be experiencing abuse and/or neglect

A ten-month-old infant is brought to a pediatric clinic. The infant exhibits delayed motor skills, little response to caregivers, low weight for their age, and minimal babbling. Professional suspects that the infant has experienced inconsistent caregiving and lack of stimulation

To have a quick assessment of the newborn’s physical condition

After delivery, the results from the APGAR scale of a newborn child indicated complications at birth.

Deferred Imitation

A fourteen-month old toddler observes their parents using a spoon to stir a glass of cold juice. Later, the toddler picks up a spoon and pretends to stir an empty glass, using the same manner their parents did earlier

Parentese

A young mother often talks to her nine-month-old toddler using short sentences, exaggerated intonation, and a slower and higher pitch while emphasizing several keywords like “ball” or “milk”

Children in early childhood often use abstract concepts to describe themselves

Which of the following is FALSE regarding self-concept in early childhood?

Animism

A five-year-old little girl, buttercup, believes that the moon is following her whenever she walks outside at night.

Animism

Blossom does not want to leave her barbie dolls at home because she is worried that they will feel alone and lonely.

Self-regulation and Problem-solving

A five-year-old little girl often talks to herself while building a tower of blocks, saying things like, “This one goes here… this one here…oooopss… don’t fall”

Centration

A five-year-old little girl, bubbles, insists that a tall, thin glass contains more juice than a short, wide glass even though both were filled from the same pitcher.

Inductive technique

Ann-Ann has just run across the street against her older sister’s wishes. Her older sister firmly explained to Ann-Ann that she should not do it again because she could get hurt.

Crystalized

A specific task involves recognizing and understanding words by finding a synonym by matching the stimulus word with another word from a multiple-choice list.

Sleep problems

Kingking, a four-year-old child resists going to bed at night, frequently wakes up crying, and sometimes talks or walks in his sleep.

Lala modifies her gender schema

Four-year-old Lala believes that only girls can become nurses and only boys can become police personnel. After seeing a female police officer and a male nurse in a storybook, she begins to understand that both boys and girls can perform different occupations.

Children develop gender-role beliefs through observation and experience

A five-year-old child insists that only boys can be firefighters because all the firefighters they have seen are men.

Permissive Parenting Style

Ever since he was a child, bongbong’s parents have not looked after him. Instead, he was left to decide things on his own and was expected to take care of his younger siblings.

Dyslexia

You are working as an elementary teacher in one of the educational institutions in the University Belt. You noticed that one your students is failing in his classes due to his difficulty learning how to read.

Emotion regulation is usually complete within preschool years, allowing children to manage frustration independently without continued adult support

An early education teacher notices that a four-year-old child becomes frustrated whenever they cannot complete a puzzle. Instead of yelling at the child or throwing the pieces away, the teacher encourages them to take a deep breath, identify their feelings, and ask for assistance if needed.

Ce

You are working as an elementary teacher in one of the educational institutions in the U-Belt. You noticed your pupils having a wide variety of diets during lunch break

The preparatory school encourages pupils to freely explore the playground to ensure proper development

In a certain preparatory school, the teachers are mindful of following several safety protocols involving the morning activities of their four and five year old pupils.