human geo

geography

study of earths surface and processes that shape it

geography (another def)

studies how human activity effects or is influenced by earths surface

globalization

process by which businesses, trade, tech etc have made world more connected

spatial

related to space. ubderstand how we interact and use space around us

spatial perspective

use of space. when where why

spatial patterns

placement of objects. similar and different no relate?

time distance decay

things closer more related. further distance interaction/effect decreases

absolute distance

measure with unit of length

relative distance

compare social/economic/cultural similarities despite absolute distance

reference map

emphasizes geographic locations. displays boundaries, names, states, roads. FOCUS ON PLACES

topographic map

type of reference map that used isolines to show earths surface.

isolines

lines that links different places that share common value. often used for elevation.

thematic map

emphasizes spatial patterns. show distribution of attribute characteristics or relationships. FOCUS ON DATA

chloropleth maps

shows data aggregated for a specific geographic area, often using different colors to represent different values

cartograms

distorts geographic shape in order to show size of specific data point of variable

graduated circle maps

uses symbols (circles or dots) of different sizes to represent numerical values

dot density maps

uses dots to represent objects. dots can represent one of a number of objects.

prime meridian

0 degrees longitude (vertical)

equator

0 degrees latitude (horizontal)

Us census

government collecting demographic data every 10 years

GPS

satellite system orbiting earth. see satellite. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM.

GIS

software app w data related to earths surface. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

remote sensing

scanning earth with satellite or plane. arial/satellite imaging.

space

areas occupied by humans but has no real value until humans make it

place

space modified by humans made important

time space compression

decreasing distance between places (travel time and cost)

interdependence

ties between regions/countries that create global economic system

spatial diffusion

spread of idea or characteristics from one place to another

hearth

point of origin

independent invention

similar innovation developed at same time in different places by people independent of each other.

expansion diffusion

idea or trait moves

relocation diffusion

people or person moves

expansion diffusion examples

hierarchical. reverse hierarchical. contagious. stimulus.

friction of distance

distance requires some amount of effort. measure of how absolute distance effects interaction between 2 places. (tech can help diminish)

heirchical/reverse hierarchical

ideas move through established structure (rich to poor vice versa)

contagious siffusion

spreads w no regard to heirarchy (ex viral)

stimulus diffusion

specific trait is rejected but underlying idea is accepted. makes new variants of item.

relocation diffusion

occurs when group move/migrate from one location to another and take culture with them

cultural barrier

some things not accepted in particular cultures

ecology

study of relationships between living things and environment

cultural ecology

study of interaction between societies

environmental determinism

environment shapes culture

environmental possibilism

possible for humans to overcome challenges in environments and shape their own culture

local

town, city

national

country

regional

multiple countries

global

world

glocal

global/local stimulus diffusion

formal region

have one or more common trait. have borders but rarely sharp and can overlap.

functional region

functions as unit. clearly defined borders. “real countries”

perceptual/vernacular region

feelings or attitudes by people who live there. sense of belonging or identificatiob

ecumenical

position of area on earths surface with permanent human settlements

developing countries

industrializing countries

developed countries

industrialized countries

mean center on population

balancing point in pop distribution.average location of higher population

arithmetic density

number of people/land area

physiological density

number of people/arable land area

agricultural density

number of farmers/arable land area

epidemiological transition

health services and living standards effect patterns of disease. Abdel Omran. 4 stages connected to DTM

Epidemiologic 1st stage

Pestilence and Famine

Epidemiologic 2nd stage

Receding Pandemics

Epidemiologic 3rd stage

Degenerative and Man made diseases

Epidemiologic 4th stage

Delayed degenerative diseases and emerging infections (hubristic)

IMR

infant mortality rate. # of infant deaths per 1000 people

IMR calc

number of infant deaths in a year/number of live births in same year*1000

RNI

rate of natural increase. if negative rate pop decreases. positive means increasing. does not include immigration

MEASURED IN PERCENT

RNI calc

CBR-CDR/10

Doubling time

#of years for pop to double. not include migration.

Doubling time calculation

70/ RNI percentage

Demographic equation

used to calculate total pop of country or place. based on cdr cbr and migration. year.

Demographic equation calc

total pop+-natural increase+-net migration

ZPG

zero population growth. RNI of 0.0

Crude Birth rate

CBR average # of births per 1000 people

crude birth rate calc

number of live births/total population *1000

Total fertility rate

TFR average # of children born to women within reproductive age

Replacement rate

minimum TFR needed for population to stay the same/not go down.

2.1

Crude death rate

CDR

average # of deaths per 1000 people

Crude death rate calc

number of deaths/ totol pop * 1000

Rapid/moderate growth pop pyramid

wide base. triangle shaped. wider base more rapid growth

slow growth pop pyramid

. birth rate just above death rate. pyramid shape but less wide than rapid growth.

stability or zero growth pop pyramid

birth and death rate similar, column shape

decline pop pyramid

narrow base top heavy. low or negative birth rate. pentagon cup shape

High child dependency

More kids

percent of population:

Youth dependency: 45+%

Elderly dependency: 15-%

Moderate child dependency

Slightly more kids

percent of population:

Youth dependency:29-45%

Elderly dependency:15-%

double dependency

Equal dependency

percent of population:

Youth dependency: 29-45%

Elderly dependency:15+%

high elderly dependency

More elderly

percent of population:

Youth dependency: 29-%

Elderly dependency:15+%

low overall dependency

more working pop

percent of population:

Youth dependency:29-%

Elderly dependency:15-%

relationship between etm and dtm

just a reminder

Malthusian/Neo malthusians

believe population will eventually die. doomsters.

Cornucopians

believe humans will overcome problems and population won’t die out. Anti malthusians.

Thomas Malthus

1766-1834

human population will exceed available resources and terrible outcomes will happen

Malthusian cycle

reminder for ya

population bomb

society ticking closer and closer to scarcity and problems

Marxism

semi communism. believed that starvation and warfare was result of unequal distribution not population.

Boserup effect

Particularly intensification theory. can prevent food shortages with new farming methods

Antinatal

reduce population using policies

Pronatal

boost population using policies

Net migration

in migration-out migration

NM

Net migration ratio

NM/total pop *1000

NMR

Ravensteins laws of migration

1834-1913

served as basis for other migration theories

11 laws