An atom or group of atoms within a molecule responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound
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Nucleophile
A substance that donates a pair of electrons in a reaction
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Electrophile
A substance that accepts a pair of electrons in a reaction
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Sigma bond
A type of covalent bond formed by head-on overlap of atomic orbitals in which the majority of the electron density is in the same plane as the nuclei, the strongest type of covalent bond
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Pi bond
A type of covalent bond formed by the side-by-side overlap of orbitals with the electron density concentrated above and below the plane of the nuclei
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Alkyl group
A functional group of an organic molecule that only contains C and H atoms
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Chiral
Describes molecules that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image
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Free radical
Molecules or ions with unpaired electrons
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Isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different chemical structure
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Substitution reaction
A reaction in which one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
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Addition reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is added to a molecule across a double bond
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Elimination reaction
A reaction in which atoms are removed from a molecule
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Oxidation
A reaction in which the oxidation number is increased or the proportion of electronegative substituents in a compound is increased
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Reduction
A reaction in which the oxidation number is decreased or the proportion of electronegative substituents in a compound is decreased
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Hydrolysis
The addition of water to a substance to break it down
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Lone pair
A pair of electrons in a molecule not shared between two atoms
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Steric hindrance
The physical blockage of a particular site within a molecule by the presence of local atoms or groups of atoms
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Transition state
A short-lived configuration of atoms formed during a chemical reaction that is the least stable and associated with the highest energy level on a reaction path
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Intermediate
A chemical substance produced during the conversion of reactant to product
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Electronegativity
The tendency for atoms in a molecule to attract a bonding pair of electrons
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