metabolic reactions and energy transformation: the atp-adp cycle

adenosine triphosphate

• the energy currency of life

• the organism’s battery

• it controls the amount and timing of enrgy to be used and release within the cells

• jendrassik and karl lohmann

• cyrus fiske and yellapragada subbarow (1929)

the two competing teams from harvard university that discovered atp

hydrolysis

The discovery of ATP structure was a serendipitous instance. Karl Lohmann worked as head assistant in Meyerhof’s institute. He isolated ATP from muscle and liver extracts. Lohmann succeeded through acid __________ of the colorless substance, which yielded two moles of phosphoric acid, one mole of adenine, and one mole of ribose-5-phosphate. And after 20 years, in 1948, the molecule was first synthesized artificially by Alexander Todd.

cytoplasm

all cells have a small storage of highly charged ATP molecules, specifically located in the _________ of the cell.

endergonic reaction

• are nonspontaneous and usually occur in organisms, because they need to synthesize complex molecules such as fats, amino acids, and sugars

• examples: photosynthesis, melting of ice to water

exergonic reactions

• are spontaneous or favorable chemical reactions wherein the products are at a lower energy level than the reactants

• the reactions release more energy than what was required initially

hydrolysis

a process of breaking the chemical bonds by using water

phosphorylation

is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion

standard energy

the amount of energy produced from the hydrolysis of ATP is around 7.3 kcal per mole and possibly up to 10 kcal per mole (almost equivalent to a single peanut)

energy coupling

harness a free energy within the bonds through a strategy

circadian rhythm

• maintains regular or patterned processes in the body within a 24-hour cycle

• is disrupted when an organism changes certain habits or lifestyles, such as sleeping at 2:00am or eating lunch at 3:00am, in this case, glucose metabolism, for example, fluctuates to catch up to the person’s need for energy

• chemical work - ATP provides the energy required for producing complex substances, such as biomolecules

• mechanical work - ATP provides the energy for cells and tissues to perform their functions, such as the circulation of blood, the contraction of muscles, and the pumping of the heart.

• transport work - ATP provides the energy for substances to move, such as the entry and exit of compounds across cell membranes, or substrates binding to protein enzymes.

function of atp

carbohydrates

• are great sources of energy

• every time this is consumed, your body is replenished and supplied with more sources of energy

fats

• great source of atp, but most of the food that we eat contains bad ____ instead of good ones.

• bad ____ are those that are stored immediately instead of getting used up.

oxygen

• is important for ATP to function well

• Inhaling deeply through the nose and exhaling through the mouth will fire up ATP production and energy release

body mass index (bmi)

is your body’s proportion in terms of weight and height

bmi = weight/(height)²

bmi formula

• less than 18.5 = underweight

• 18.5-24.9 = normal

• 25-29.9 = overweight

• 30 or greater = obese

bmi categories

body/basal metabolic rate (bmr)

Around 70% of a human’s total energy expenditure is used by the basal life processes within the tissues and organs. Around 20% is used by physical activities. Another 10% is used to digest the food. The energy to be spent for these processes requires oxygen and coenzymes to produce energy from ATP.

• female = 655 + [9.6 x weight(kg)] + [1.8 x height (cm)] - [4.7 x age (years)]

• male = 66 + [13.7 x weight(kg)] + [5 x height (cm)] - [6.8 x age (years)]

bmr formula