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Sovereignty

Supreme and final governing authority

Unitary System

The national is sovereign, government has the most power

Devolution

The idea that American federalism can be strengthened by a partial shift of power from the national government to state and local governments

Expressed Powers

Powers specifically given to the national government in the constitution

Equal Protection Clause

Forbids states from denying equal protection to citizens

Affirmative Action

Deliberate efforts to provide full and equaloppurtunities in employment, education, and other areas for traditionally disadvantaged groups.

Feminization of Poverty

The idea that women are more likely than men to experience poverty

Lau v. Nichols

(1974) prompted the beginning of bilingual instructions in some schools

Sedition Act of 1798

A law that made it illegal to criticize the government in certain ways

Establishment Clause

Prevents the government from establishing or favoring a religion

Eighth Amendment

Prohibits “cruel and unusual punishment”

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Required police to inform suspects of their rights before questioning them

What was the significance of the McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Case?

Big government wins, state loses Maryland wants to charge the National bank tax. Can’t tax the national bank, federal government.

What are powers that the State and National government share?

Lend and borrow money, taxation, law enforcement, charter banks, and transportation

How does Cooperative Federalism work?

Shared policy responsibilities. National, state, and local levels work together. Joint funding administration, and determination of programs. Ex) Medicaid, SNAP, highway trust fund.

What did Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) decision accomplished?

It banned forced segregation in schools. Little change to segregation seeb 15 years later. As a solution to segregation, the Supreme Court encouraged busing because they don’t recieve education on the bus so they didn’t have to be divided, which was controversial. With an end to racial busing in 2007 and white flight to the suburbs, schools have become less racially diverse.

What was the impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

Prohibited discrimination in voting and registration. Empowered federal agents to oversee voter registration.

What were the pivotal impacts behind the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Outlawed literacy tests, poll taxes, and other barriers to election registration. Title II, Title VI, and Title VII. Some discrimination is still lawful. Church related schools can take religion into account when hiring teachers.

What did the Indian Bill of Rights, passed in 1968, provide for Native Americans?

It provided Native guarantees for Native Americans on Reservations.

Which amendment applies the Bill of Rights to the states?

The 14th amendment

What did the Supreme court rule in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores (2014)

They ruled that for-profit corporations can be exempt from laws that violate their religious beliefs, Contraceptive Mandate and Affordable Care Act

The Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) established what right?

The right of privacy

What was the outcome of Schenck v. United States (1919)?

Charles Schench handed out pamphlets urging resistance to WWI. U.S challenged him on this that his freedom of speech isn’t protected in this case.