Protein Synthesis, Cell Transport, and Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from biology lecture notes, including protein synthesis, cellular transport mechanisms, solution tonicity, and essential organic macromolecules.

Transcription

The first step of protein synthesis where DNA is converted to mRNA.

Translation

The second step of protein synthesis where mRNA is converted to protein.

Simple Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.

Osmosis

Movement of water from high to low water concentration across a membrane.

Endocytosis

Process in which a cell takes materials into the cell using a vesicle.

Exocytosis

Process in which a cell releases materials out of the cell using a vesicle.

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration through a transport protein, with no energy required.

Passive Transport

Moves substances from high to low concentration without using ATP.

Active Transport

Moves substances from low to high concentration using ATP.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution environment where water leaves the cell, causing the cell to shrink.

Isotonic Solution

A solution environment where water moves equally in and out, causing the cell to stay the same.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution environment where water enters the cell, causing the cell to swell and potentially burst.

Carbohydrates

Organic macromolecules that provide quick energy, composed of monosaccharide monomers, with examples such as glucose and starch.

Lipids

Organic macromolecules that provide long term energy, insulation, and membranes, composed of glycerol and fatty acids, with examples such as fats and oils.

Proteins

Organic macromolecules responsible for structure, enzymes, and transport, composed of amino acid monomers, with muscle as an example.

Nucleic Acids

Organic macromolecules that store genetic information, composed of nucleotide monomers, with examples such as DNA and RNA.