Vaccines and Hypersensitivities

active immunization

Injecting and acquiring the antigen to stimulate the immune system

passive immunization

Injection antibodies that produce antitoxins that inactivate bacterial exotoxins. E.g. breast feeding

killed whole cells or inactivated viruses

Use dead organisms. Examples include:

• IPV (polio virus)
• Hep B

live weakened bacteria or viruses

Provides stronger immunity. Examples include:

• MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
• Vircella zoster (chicken pocks)
• More chance of side effects

Rubella can do what?

Cross placenta

components (antigenic subunits/proteins)

Examples include:

• HPV
• Tetanus
• Dip
• Pertussis (whooping cough)

mRNA vaccines

Covid vaccine

type I - allergies

• Contact with allergen
• IgE against antigen binds to mast cells and basophils
• Histamine release: bronchoconstriction & vasodilation

histamine

• Vasodilation and vascular permeability
• Runny nose, itchy hives, watery eyes

local reaction

Occurs in skin, respiratory system, GI mucosa

systemic reaction

Anaphylaxis - injected allergens, massive bronchoconstriction

type II - cytotoxic

Blood transfusion reaction

ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

• RH neg mother and RH pos father
• First baby (if RH negative) is not affected
• Second baby affected if RH positive
• RH neg babies are never affected
• RH pos mothers don't have to worry

cell dysfunction by antibody building occurs in

Graves disease of thyroid and myasthenia gravis

graves disease of thyroid and myasthenia gravis

• Graves disease: Autoantibodies bind to TSH receptors causing overproduction of thyroid hormone
• Myasthenia gravis: Autoantibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors in neuromuscular junction preventing binding of ACH

graves disease

Antibodies target the thyroid, causing hyperthyroidism

myasthenia gravis

Progressive muscle weakening due to antibodies targeting ACH receptors and blocking muscle receptors, which blocks muscle movement

T1D

Autoimmune—the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas

RA/psoriatic arthritis

Complexes form in connective tissue in joints and cause inflammation

Examples of Type I hypersensitivity

Anaphylaxis

Examples of Type II hypersensitivity

• ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Grave's disease
• Blood transfusion reaction

Examples of Type III hypersensitivity

Lupus (kidneys + bones), RA

type IV - delayed

Delayed immunity that includes T cells

Examples of Type IV hypersensitivity

• Contact dermatitis (poison ivy)
• TB skin test depends on this reaction
• Graft rejection