Studied by 3 people
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reception
the target cell detects a signal molecule from outside the cell
transduction
the conversion of the signal to a form that can cause a cellular response
response
the cellular response to the signal molecule
ligand
signal molecule that binds specifically to a receptor
intracellular receptor
receptors found inside the cell membrane in the cytoplasm or nucleus
plasma membrane receptor
receptors found on the surface of the membrane
cAMP
second messenger that is like ATP but with one phosphate group
phosphorylation cascade
an enzyme phosphorylates another which leads to a chain reaction that amplifies the signal
protein kinase
enzyme that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups like ATP to substrates to amplify signals
nuclear response
regulating the creation of proteins by changing genes/DNA
cytoplasmic response
regulation of an enzyme that works in the cytoplasm
direct contact
cells physically connect through membrane-bound molecules/structures
plasmodesmata
direct contact for plant cells
gap junctions
direct contact for animal cells
short distance communication
communication between cells nearby through local signaling mechanisms
neurotransmitters in sypnatic signaling
example of short distance communication
long distance communication
cells communicate over a larger distance like the bloodstream to allow signals to reach targets that are not adjacent
hormones in the endocrine system
example of long distance communication
