AP Human Geography - Chapter 11 Industry
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48 Terms
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed manufacturing
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Northern England and southern Scotland in the late 1700s
Invention that was key to the Industrial Revolution
The steam engine, developed by James Watt
Cottage industry
Home-based manufacturing prior to industrializaton
Three main industrial regions
Europe, North America, and East Asia
Which country dominated 19th-century industry?
The United Kingdom
Maquiladora
U.S.-owed assembly plant in Mexico receiving tax breaks
Europe’s most important industrial area
Rhine-Ruhr Valley
Germany’s second most important industrial area?
Mid-Rhine
Where is the Po Basin?
Italy’s main industrial region
Catalonia
Spain’s leading industrial region (Barcelona area)
Silesia
Eastern Europe’s largest industrial region outside Russia
Where did U.S. industry first develop?
New England (e.g., textile mills in Rhode Island)
U.S. manufacturing core region
Northeastern quadrant and southeastern Canada
The Mohawk Valley is known for
Power from Niagara Falls; aluminum and paper industries
Where was the steel industry centered in the 1800s?
Pittsburgh—Lake Erie
“Auto alley”
North-south industrial corridor from Michigan to Alabama
Why is Southern California important industrially?
Leading area for clothing, textiles, and food processing
Helped Japan industrializes post-WWII
Low wages and high-tech exports
Where is China’s industry concentrated?
East coast regions like Guangdong, Yangtze River, and Bo Hai
Makes China attractive for industry
Cheap labor and a huge domestic market
Situation factors
Costs related to transporting inputs and outputs
Bulk-reducing industry
An industry that loses weight during production (e.g., copper)
Bulk-gaining industry
An industry that gains weight during production (e.g., soft drinks)
Single-market manufacturer
Company serving one or few customers (e.g., car parts)
Why is proximity to markets important?
To reduce cost of transporting finished goods
Perishable product industry
Industry needing to be near markets (e.g., newspapers, milk)
Break-of-bulk point
A location where transfer among transport modes is possible
Why are minimills growing in steel production?
They use scrap metal, are cheaper, and located near markets
Just-in-time delivery
Shipping goods as needed to reduce storage costs
When is truck transport preferred?
Short distances, rapid loading/unloading
When is rail transport used?
Long distances within land areas
When is ship transport best?
For very long distances and bulky goods
When is air transport used?
For high-value, time-sensitive goods
Site factors
Characteristics of a location like land, labor, and capital
Labor-intensive industry
One where labor costs are a high share of expenses
Why is labor cost a global factor?
Wages vary greatly between MDCs and LDCs
Capital-intensive industry
Industries that rely more on machinery than labor
Highly labor-intensive industry
Textiles
Where does most cotton spinning occur?
In LDCs like China and India
Where is most cotton weaving done?
In LDCs due to lower labor costs
Where is clothing assembly often located?
In MDCs, closer to markets
Why are textiles split into steps?
Different labor intensity levels and site factors
Why do factories move to rural areas?
Cheaper, more available land and highway access
Why are factories one-story now?
Efficiency in production and movement of goods
Energy considerations in location
Industries may locate near cheap electricity (e.g., aluminum
Example of energy-based location
Aluminum plants near hydroelectric dams
Why is land considered more than physical space?
Includes climate, topography, culture, and energy access